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Chapter 3 Morphology

Instructor: Xia Yun School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University. Introduction to Linguistics. Chapter 3 Morphology. Warm-up. Read the following passage and pick out the words which you think are composed of more than one part. Ticketless Travel.

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Chapter 3 Morphology

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  1. Instructor: Xia Yun School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University Introduction to Linguistics Chapter 3 Morphology

  2. Warm-up Read the following passage and pick out the words which you think are composed of more than one part. Ticketless Travel

  3. My friend’s brother, Cliff, is a very serious, dignified man, so his actions at an airport’s check-in counter were totally unexpected. It seems that he and his wife were placing their baggage on the conveyor when her purse accidentally fell onto the moving belt. She scrambled after it but it eluded her, so she climbed onto the belt to try to reach it. Just as she was about to disappear through the doorway with the baggage, Cliff began to wave frantically, “No, no dear!” he shouted. “It’s okay! This time we bought tickets.”

  4. My friend’s brother, Cliff, is a very serious, dignified man, so his actions at an airport’s check-in counter were totally unexpected. It seems that he and his wife wereplacing their baggage on the conveyor when her purse accidentally fell onto the moving belt. She scrambled after it but it eluded her, so she climbedonto the belt to try to reach it. Just as she was about to disappear through the doorway with the baggage, Cliff began to wave frantically, “No, no dear!” he shouted. “It’s okay! This time we boughttickets.”

  5. Key word 1 Morphology 形态学

  6. Activity 1 Read the words in Group A and Group B below. What are the features shared by those words? Write your assumptions in the following box.

  7. Activity 1 A rider commander murder leader manufacturer owner producer B reader miller Londoner gardener prisoner messenger philosopher

  8. Morphology 形态学 Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is thus the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.

  9. Why study morphology Dictionaries do not list all possible words of a language new words Google, meth, bedhead new usages of words to google something, crystal words derived by productive rules: goes, going unfold, foldable, refold, unfoldable Morphological competence includes information about how morphemes work, and how they can and can’t fit together.

  10. Key word 2 Morpheme

  11. Activity 2 Please divide the underlined words in “Ticketless Travel” into their building parts as far as possible, make sure no part loses its identification of meaning.

  12. unexpected un + expect + ed ↓ “word-like” elements ↓ most basic elements of meaning

  13. unexpected un + expect + ed → bound morpheme → free morpheme → bound morpheme

  14. Morphemes Free morphemes Bound morphemes

  15. Activity 3 Divide the following morphemes into 2 groups according to whether they can be used as words independently.

  16. Activity 3 -ness the it book -ful happy because -er on if long re- love but and house Pre- -dis -look and

  17. Free morphemes and bound morphemes book house love look, long happy and but because if on it the Free morphemes stand alone as words -ness -ful -less -er re- pre- dis- Bound morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words

  18. root vs. stem • root • forms base for affixes to attach to; cannot be analyzed into smaller parts • stem • formed when a root is combined with an affix (that other affixes can continue to be attached to)

  19. unexpected expect →root

  20. unexpected un + expect + ed → stem

  21. Roots and stems • Works • Workers • workshops • a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in this case the root and the stem are the same, e.g. in works, work is both the stem and the root; • a root plus a derivational affix, e.g. in workers, work is the root, worker is the stem; • two or more roots, e.g. in workshops, both work and shop are roots, workshop is the stem.

  22. Free morphemes Lexical morphemes Functional morphemes

  23. Free morphemes Lexical morphemes open class of words book house love look long happy Functional morphemes closed class of words and but because if on it the

  24. Bound Morphemes Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes

  25. Bound Morphemes Derivational morphemes make new words in the language make words of a different grammatical category from the stem -ness -ful -less -er re- pre- dis- Inflectional morphemes not used to produce new words show aspects of the grammatical function of a word indicate whether a word is singular or plural indicate whether it is in the past tense or present tense indicate whether it is a possessive or comparative form

  26. Reading the following sentences and point out the inflectional morphemes.

  27. If a man’s wife is beautiful, two eyes are not enough for him. Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in. The writer liked joking and has taken things seriously. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.

  28. If a man’swife is beautiful, two eyes are not enough for him. Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in. The writer likedjokingand has takenthings seriously. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.

  29. noun + -’s/s’, -s worker’s/workers’, workers verb + -s, -ing, -ed, -en arrive, arrives, arriving, arrived adjective + -er, -est loud, louder, loudest

  30. Difference between Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes a derivational morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word, creating entirely new words sing (v.) + -er = singer (n.) an inflectional morpheme never alters the grammatical category of a word quick → quicker (adjective)

  31. Let’s construct a concept map of Morpheme

  32. morphemes

  33. morphemes free morpheme

  34. morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme

  35. morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Iexical morpheme

  36. morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Iexical morpheme functional morpheme

  37. morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Iexical morpheme derivational morpheme functional morpheme

  38. morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Iexical morpheme derivational morpheme functional morpheme inflectional morpheme

  39. Key word 3 Morphs and Allomorphs

  40. Activity 4 Change the following nouns into plural forms. meaning map watch mouse foot deer

  41. Orthographic form Phonological form ↓ Morphs 词素 Orthographic variations Phonological variations ↓ Allomorphs 词素变体

  42. Allomorphs Allomorphs of the morpheme of past tense: {-ed} Orthographic realizations -d -ed other forms correspondent to irregular verbs Phonological realizations /-t/ /-d/ /-id/ other forms

  43. Morphology Morphemes

  44. Morphology Morphemes • Free Morphemes • Bound Morphemes

  45. Morphology Morphemes • Free Morphemes • Bound Morphemes Morphs

  46. Morphology Morphemes • Free Morphemes • Bound Morphemes • Phonological (spoken) realizations • Orthographic (written) realizations Morphs

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