PENCERNAAN & METABOLISME VITAMIN BAGI TERNAK

1. PENCERNAAN & METABOLISME VITAMIN BAGI TERNAK NANUNG DANAR DONO, Ph.D. DepartemenNutrisidanMakananTernak FakultasPeternakan UGM

2. GENERAL DEFINITION A vitamin is an organic molecule required by a living organism in minute amounts for proper health. An organism deprived of all sources of a particular vitamin will eventually suffer from disease symptoms specific to that vitamin. • Vitamins can be classified as either : • WATER SOLUBLE which means they dissolve easily in water, • FAT SOLUBLE which means they are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids.

3. Vitamins can be classified as either : • FAT SOLUBLE Which means they are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids. Vitamin : A, D, E, and K. • WATER SOLUBLE Which means they dissolve easily in water. Vitamin : B and C. Originally, vitamin B thought to be one vitamin.

4. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN MAIN FUNCTIONS

5. GENERAL CHARACTERISTCS • All fat-soluble vitamins are : • Lipophylic • Thermolabile • Photolabile • Chemicolabile • Available in various forms

6. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMPS • VITAMIN A • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Staggering gait, ruffled plumage, reduced egg production and hatchability, keratinisation of mucus epithelium Pigs In-coordination and paralysis. Failure or oestrus, foetal and neonatal deformities, foetal resorption. Ruminants Nightblindness, xerophtalmia. Abnormal bone remodeling leading to blindness, and deafness. Low conception rate, foetal resorption, and retained placenta. Keratinisation of digestive respiratory and reproductive tract epithelium, reduced sperm viability.

7. VITAMIN D • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Rickets, soft beak and claws, reduce egg production and hatch ability, tin egg shells. Pigs Rickets in growing animals, osteomalacia in mature animals. Ruminants Rickets in growing animals, osteomalacia in mature animals. Reduce milk production and inhibition of oestrus.

8. VITAMIN E • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Exudative diathesis (subcutaneous oedema resulting from increase capillary permeability). Encephalomalacia (Crazy Chick Disease). Muscular dystrophy. Pigs Nutritional microangiopathy characterized by haemorrhagic lesion of the heart, also known as Mulberry Heart Diseases; Hepatic necrosis. Ruminants Muscular dystrophy affecting both skeletal and cardiac muscle (‘whitemuscledisease’ in cattle, ‘stifflambdisease’ in sheep.

9. Vitamin E defficiency

10. Pic. 1. Stiff lamb disease Weakness, rapid breathing • VITAMIN K • Deficiency symptoms : All species Reduced blood prothrombine, increase blood clothing time. In farm animals, extensive subcutaneous and internal haemorrhagic and anaemia. In ruminants, ‘Sweet clover disease’ due to present metabolic antagonist, dicumarol, in mouldy sweet clover.

11. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN MAIN FUNCTIONS

12. What are B vitamins? Thiamin (B1) Niacin Riboflavin (B2) Pantothenic Acid Pyridoxine (B6) Folic Acid Cobalamin (B12) Biotin • Also known as B vitamin complex • Water soluble • Body can only store limited amounts (except B12) • Excess excreted in the urine • Frequently lost • Cooking process • Destroyed by light and exposure to air

13. The B Vitamins • Structurally different but have several features in common • Co factors in different enzyme systems in the body • Tend to occur in the same food sources • Water soluble and so are not stored for long in the body • Therefore, diets containing too little of the B vitamins lead to multiple deficiency diseases within a few months

14. Co-enzymes Co-enzymes are involved in Catabolism of glucose Catabolism of fatty acids Catabolism of amino acids TCA cycle Electron transport chain Involved in many reactions • Release of energy from foods • Metabolism regulation • Cell division • Red blood cells • Cells lining GI tract

15. B VITAMINS AND THEIR CO-ENZYME FORMS • What are co-enzymes? • Organic molecules required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis • Bind to active site of enzyme • Often function as intermediate carriers of electrons or functional groups

16. B VITAMINS AND THEIR CO-ENZYME FORMS

17. GENERAL CHARACTERISTCS • Vitamin B : • Dietary requirement is linked closely to metabolic rate (i.e., production) • Ruminant requirements met by rumen bacterial synthesis • Hindgut bacterial synthesis and absorption is insufficient to meet full requirements for a horse

18. SOURCES OF VITAMINB PLANT SOURCES : • Found in fibrous portion of plants • Most cereals and grain products are enriched ANIMAL SOURCES : • Liver • Milk • Egg • Beef, Chicken Variety of foods…!

19. Poultry Polyneuritis : nerve degeneration, paralysis, head retraction (opisthotonus), bradycardia, etc. Pigs Loss of weight, weakness, enlargement of the heart, bradycardia, etc. Ruminants Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) also called Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) : muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, head retraction, bradycardia, etc. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMPS • THIAMIN (VITAMIN B1) • Deficiency symptoms :

20. POLYNEURITIS : nerve degeneration, paralysis, head retraction (opisthotonus), ‘Curled Toe Paralysis’ associated with degenerative changes in the myelin sheath, reduced egg production, poor hatchability.

21. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry ‘Curled Toe Paralysis’ associated with degenerative changes in the myelin sheath, reduced egg production, poor hatchability. Pigs Thickened skin, scaly dermatitis, loss of hair, lens opacities and cataracts. Ruminants In pre-ruminant animals: loss of appetite and hair, excessive salivation and tear production, lesions in the mouth and reddening of buccal cavity.

22. NICOTINIC ACID • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Poorappetite and growth, red coloration of the crop, upper oesophagus and mouth, and dermatitis. Pigs Loss of appetite and body weight, poor growth, rough or starring coat, anemia and degenerative changes of the digestive tract and nervous system. Ruminants In pre-ruminant animal, deficiency leads to anorexia, diarrhea and dehydration.

23. PANTOTHENICACID • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Retardation of growth and feather production, dermatitis. Eye lids became granular and stick together. Damage to the liver and spinal cord. Pigs Scurvy skin and thin hair, a brownish secretion around the eyes, gastrointestinal disorders and slow growth. A particularly characteristic symptom is the locomotors disorder which leads to stiff (hard) and fat infiltration of the liver. Ruminants In pre-ruminant animals, anorexia, reduced growth, rough coat, dermatitis.

24. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Poor growth and impaired plumage development, reduced egg production and hatchability, convulsions. Pigs Anorexia, slow growth, anaemia and convulsions. Degeneration of peripheral nerves and the deposition of a dark yellow pigment are seen at post-mortem. Ruminants In pre-ruminant animal loss of appetite and, in severe cases the onset (start) of convulsions.

25. BIOTIN • Deficiency symptoms : Poultry Classical biotin deficiency causes irregular bone growth resulting in leg abnormalities, particularly the enlargement and deformation of the hock joint (paresis). Severe lesions of the underside of the feet the can occur. Dry scaly (rough) skin is also found on the upper side of the feet and the legs and beak growth is abnormal. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) in rapidly growing birds subjected to nutritional or environmental stress. Birds affected by FLKS rarely show classical signs of biotin deficiency.

26. Poultry FLKS is associated with reduced activity of hepatic private carboxylic which limits the ability to synthesis glucose when the dietary supply of glucose is disrupted. Pigs Dermatitis characterized by shedding of large pieces of skin (greasy maize flakes). A characteristic soft hoof condition seen in pigs is concrete disease so called because the feet of animals kept on abrasive surfaces such as concrete develop severe cracking, often with secondary infection. Ruminants No clear link between biotin status and lameness.

27. CYANOCOBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12) • Deficiency symptoms : Ruminants and pigs Poor growth, anaemiacharacterised by the presence of megaloblasts and, in severe cases, paleness of the mucus membranes. Lack of posterior coordination and unsteadiness of gait. Marginal vitamin B12 deficiency is difficult to detect and is typified by animals that a described as ‘unthrifty’.

28. ASCORBAT ACID (VITAMIN C) • Deficiency symptoms : Pigs and ruminants Neonates unable to synthesize this vitamin in the first few weeks of life and may show increased susceptibility to infection if milk supply is inadequate. Poultry Deficiency not normally seen. In heat stressed birth supplementation can increased growth, egg quality and hatchability.

29. ASCORBAT ACID (VITAMIN C) • The role of vitamin C : • Antioxidant : • Protects cells from free radicals • Protects iron from oxidative damage, thus enhancing iron absorption in the gut

30. CHOLINE • Deficiency symptoms : Fatty infiltration of the liver, and necrosis or haemorraghiclesions of the liver, kidney, and joints. All species

31. CARNITINE • Deficiency symptoms : All species Elevated levels of plasma non-esterified fatty acid and triacylglycerols suggesting impaired fatty acid oxidation and redirection of fatty acids to alternative pathways of metabolism. In severe cases the increase in intracellular concentrations of acyl-CoAs may impair the function of other metabolic pathway leading to liver dysfunction.

32. SUMMARY OF VITAMIN SOURCES

37. http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~cczcal/VitaminVillage/