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Minority Carrier Diffusion and Quasi-Fermi Levels in Semiconductor Physics

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dominique
15 diapositives · 323 Views · Sep 18, 2012

The concepts of continuity equations, minority carrier diffusion equations, and the significance of diffusion length and quasi-Fermi levels in semiconductor materials. We explore the derivation of the minority carrier diffusion equations, applicable under specific conditions like uniform doping and low-level injection. The lecture discusses the meaning of carrier concentration notation, special cases in steady-state conditions, and the physical implications of minority carrier behavior. Key examples illustrate these principles, emphasizing the distances minority carriers can diffuse before recombination.

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Minority Carrier Diffusion and Quasi-Fermi Levels in Semiconductor Physics
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    1. Lecture #9 OUTLINE Continuity equations Minority carrier diffusion equations Minority carrier diffusion length Quasi-Fermi levels Read: Sections 3.4, 3.5

    2. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 2 Derivation of Continuity Equation Consider carrier-flux into/out-of an infinitesimal volume:

    3. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 3

    4. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 4 Derivation of Minority Carrier Diffusion Equation The minority carrier diffusion equations are derived from the general continuity equations, and are applicable only for minority carriers. Simplifying assumptions: The electric field is small, such that in p-type material in n-type material n0 and p0 are independent of x (uniform doping) low-level injection conditions prevail

    5. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 5 Starting with the continuity equation for electrons:

    6. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 6 Carrier Concentration Notation The subscript “n” or “p” is used to explicitly denote n-type or p-type material, e.g. pn is the hole (minority-carrier) concentration in n-type material np is the electron (minority-carrier) concentration in n-type material Thus the minority carrier diffusion equations are

    7. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 7 Simplifications (Special Cases) Steady state: No diffusion current: No R-G: No light:

    8. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 8 Example Consider the special case: constant minority-carrier (hole) injection at x=0 steady state; no light absorption for x>0

    9. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 9 The general solution to the equation is where A, B are constants determined by boundary conditions: Therefore, the solution is

    10. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 10 Physically, LP and LN represent the average distance that minority carriers can diffuse into a sea of majority carriers before being annihilated. Example: ND=1016 cm-3; tp = 10-6 s Minority Carrier Diffusion Length

    11. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 11 Whenever Dn = Dp ? 0, np ? ni2. However, we would like to preserve and use the relations: These equations imply np = ni2, however. The solution is to introduce two quasi-Fermi levels FN and FP such that Quasi-Fermi Levels

    12. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 12 Example: Quasi-Fermi Levels

    13. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 13 Find FN and FP :

    14. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 14 Summary

    15. EE130 Lecture 9, Slide 15 The minority carrier diffusion length is the average distance that a minority carrier diffuses before it recombines with a majority carrier: The quasi-Fermi levels can be used to describe the carrier concentrations under non-equilibrium conditions: