Europe

1. Europe Chapters 12-14

3. Large Peninsula • Europe is a peninsula and a few islands. • Northern peninsulas: • Scandinavian Peninsula • Includes Norway and Sweden • Glaciers carved out this peninsula and the carvings are called fjords. • Jutland Peninsula • Includes Denmark, and some of Germany • Rolling hills, and low lying swamps

5. More Peninsulas • Southern Peninsulas • Iberian Peninsula • Includes Spain and Portugal • Rocky landscape from the Pyrenees Mountains • Italian Peninsula • Includes Italy • Boot-shaped and extends to the Mediterranean Sea • Balkan Peninsula • Bordered by three seas (Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean) • Very mountainous

7. Islands • Many islands located in North Sea and Mediterranean Sea. • Great Britain, Ireland, Greenland, Iceland • Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, and Crete • Islands are very dependent on trades.

10. Mountains and Uplands • These features can be viewed as walls because they separate groups of people, goods, and ideas from moving freely • Mountain Chains: Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine, Balkans • Uplands= very low mountains or hills. • Kjolen (Churlen) Mountains, Scotland, Brittany, France, Meseta plateau in Spain

11. Rivers • Europe’s oldest way of transporting goods and people. • Danube and Rhine are the largest rivers in Europe. • Most European rivers are large enough for ships to travel • Makes transporting goods easy

13. Fertile Plains • One of the most fertile areas of the world is the Northern European Plain. • Includes: France, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, and Poland. • Great for agriculture • Very flat and good soil • Bad for defending • Armies have traveled this route for centuries.

15. Resources • Europe has an abundance of coal and iron ore. • Used in industry • Used to produce steel • Areas high in these resources have high pollution levels. • Oil and Natural gas were found in 1959 in the North Sea floor. • United Kingdom and Denmark pump lots of oil.

16. Resources • About 33% of European lands are good for farming. • World average is 11% • Grains, grapes, and olives are their top crops. • Also harvest timber and cork • Resources shape the culture of Europe. • What people eat, jobs, places they live.

17. European Climate • A marine west coast climate exists in much of Europe. • Warmer summers, and cool winters. • Caused by the North Atlantic Drift • Warm waters coming from the tropics northward. • No mountains on the west coast to block winds • Winds carry vast rain amounts as well • Alps create colder weather • More harsh winters and more snow • More harsh as you move inland

18. European Climate • Mediterranean climate is sunny and mild • Summers are hot and dry, winters are moderate and wet. • Mountain ranges block the cold north winds. • Great climate for tourism • France is the exception and does not have high mountains to block the cold winds.

19. Land of the Midnight Sun • Northern Scandinavia has a tundra climate • Always in state of permafrost, no trees • Sunlight is at a premium to the North in winter • Just like Canada • Also an abundance of sun in summer

21. Holland • Because of their growing population, the Dutch created land from the sea. • It is called polders. • Creating a wall, pumping out the water, letting the rain wash away the salt, let things grow. • Dikes hold back the water and earth platforms, called terpen, provide safety from floods and high tides.

23. Venice, Italy • 120 islands and part of mainland Italy creates Venice. • To travel in between islands, 150 canals were erected. • Originally a safe haven for people fleeing hostile islands • To build, wooden planks must be sunk into the swampy ground. • Lots of wood needed to build the city. • City faces water pollution issues today. • Salt water eating away at structures

25. Western Europe • Two largest countries by size and by industry are France and Germany. • French culture large in France and Monaco • German culture large in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and the BENELUX • Benelux= Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg • Languages vary because of the Roman Empire. • Rome conquered France but not all the Germanic tribes.

26. Western Europe Economy • Very rich in agriculture • One of the world’s first industrialized regions • Around 1800 • Strong in farming, manufacturing, high-tech and service jobs. • Farming • Lots of dairy, and livestock • Rich in coal and iron ore • High-Tech • Electronics • Scientific instruments • Fastest passenger trains

27. Western European Economy • Very popular due to mild climate, varied sceneries, and historical sites. • Exporter of luxury goods • German cars, Swiss watches, French high fashion and cuisine. • Germany is still trying to recover from Cold War • Spending billions on Infrastructure

29. Modern Life • Most people live in cities. • Low crime rates • Good transportation • Europeans receive more vacation time than Americans • Immigration has become an issue in the area.

30. Northern Europe • Known as the Nordic countries. • Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark • Northern Europe also includes: United Kingdom, and Ireland. • Great Britain vs. United Kingdom • Great Britain = England, Scotland, and Wales • United Kingdom = England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

31. Great Britain • Great Britain shaped the world in 2 way: • Developed a representative government called parliament. • Started the industrial revolution • Aided by high levels of coal and iron ore • What about Ireland? • Catholics vs. Protestants • Ireland (Catholic) gained independence in 1921 • Northern Ireland (mostly protestants) part of United Kingdom.

33. Northern Europe Economics • Sweden and Great Britain have a lot in common with industry • Cars and aerospace, paper, food products, and medicines • The region benefits from a wealth of natural resources. • Trees, fish, and oil • High-Tech • Many computer software industries in Scotland • Became known as “Silicon Glen” • Today, jobs are moving east in this category.

34. Union or Independence • Most nations belong to the European Union (EU) • Not Norway • Many mixed feelings about the EU • Denmark voted not to use the Euro as their currency

35. Northern European Culture • Not much diversity amongst groups • Most countries speak a form of a Germanic Language • Celtic language also spoken around Ireland • Strong artistic influence from Shakespeare to Ingmar Bergman, a director.

37. Life in Northern Europe • Most live in cities and have a high standard of living. • Women enjoy an advanced form of political equality. • Nordic countries enjoy government programs that pay them for such things as raising children, free health insurance, and education • Taxes are very high here • Distinct customs • Britain- Tea • Sweden- Smorgasbord • Finland- Saunas

39. Eastern Europe • Historical Crossroads • Gap between Asia and the rest of Asia has shaped their culture. • Very diverse • Area includes: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Serbia. • Very important region for trade • Many kingdoms tried to conquer important region

40. War-Torn • Most ethnic groups wanted their own identity and state. • As a result, many wars have been fought for independence. • The start of WWI: happened here when Archduke Ferdinand was killed • The start of WWII: Germany invaded Poland • Soviet Union controlled the region until the late 1980s.

42. Eastern European Economy • Traditionally a good farming region. • Under Communism industry was inefficient and slow. • USSR did not keep up with technology • Moved to Market economy after 1989. • Caused high inflation and unemployment rates • Working toward better economies • Problems still occur from lack of new equipment, not enough money to invest into business, and Civil War.

43. Eastern European Culture • Because so many different language are spoken here, the region is hard to unify. • Close languages are not tied to the region • Example: Hungarian is close to Finnish and Romanian is close to Italian. • Very diverse religious populations • Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, and Islam • Has become diverse as kingdoms have tried to conquer region

44. Eastern European Modern Life • Much less urban than the rest of Europe. • Prague is over 1,000 years old. • As industry grows, so do the cities • Still many conflicts between ethnic groups. • High anti-Semitism rate and anti-Gypsy • In order to have true Democracy, ethnic groups need to stop hating one another and they need to amp up their industry.

45. European Issues • Balkan Conflict • Religious battle ground…Literally • As religions gained control, they change the culture. • Some wanted one religion, others wanted another. • Yugoslavia created in 1878 • “Land of the South Slavs” • Created by Great Britain • Communists take over after WWII • Yugoslavia disbands into six nations • Wars for independence from dictators follow • Bosnia, Serbia, Kosovo

49. European Issues • Saving Water • Water pollution is caused by mining and manufacturing. • Poisons from the waste seep into the ground water • Cause Acid Rain and fish poisoning • Problem: • How does Europe keep industry strong but not kill off and use all the water supply? • Air Pollution • Using fossil fuels causes air pollution • Smog- a brown haze that occurs from too much fossil fuel usage.