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The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Objectives: To trace the history of the Civil Rights Movement To analyze the motivation of proponents and opponents of civil rights. Segregation The System. Began with Plessy v. Ferguson in 1890 Continued w/ the Jim Crow Laws of the South

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The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s

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  1. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s Objectives: To trace the history of the Civil Rights Movement To analyze the motivation of proponents and opponents of civil rights

  2. SegregationThe System • Began with Plessy v. Ferguson in 1890 • Continued w/ the Jim Crow Laws of the South • Many Southern States enforced harsh segregation Signs of Racism in Durham, NC http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/085_disc.html

  3. SegregationThe System Grand Dragon of NC, James Jones Burning Cross, NC Separate Water, NC http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/moore/riotsFrame.shtml Klan Country, AL

  4. SegregationThe Reaction to Brown • 1954, the Supreme Court declare segregation unconstitutional • Many states were slow with the process • Brown II is passed declaring speed to be a part of desegregation Linda Brown from http://www.digisys.net/users/hootie/brown/brown.htm

  5. SegregationLittle Rock Crisis • 9/1957 Gov. Orval Faubus sent in the National Guard to stop the “Little Rock Nine” from entering Central High School. • A federal judge ordered the governor to let them in. • DDE placed the AR National Guard under fed control http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kids/civilrights/features_school.html http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ak1.htm

  6. SegregationThe Montgomery Bus Boycott • 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat in the “colored section” of a bus to a white man • She was a seamstress and NAACP officer. http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html

  7. Martin Luther King, Jr. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • NAACP elected MLK, Jr. to lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Help to find other means of transportation • Car pools • Walking • Proved that the AfAm community could rally around a cause MLK in 1960, at a rally in Montgomery http://www.life.com/Life/mlk/mlk05.html

  8. Martin Luther King, Jr. “Soul Force” • MLK protest= love ones’ enemies, civil disobedience, organization of the masses, non-violence • Founded SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC) and STUDENT NONVIOLENCE COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC) http://www.life.com/Life/mlk/mlkpics.html

  9. The Civil Rights Movements Actions • Sit-ins • Feb 1960 NC A&T students sat-in at Woolworth's in Greensboro • Other “lunch counter” sit-ins spread through out the South • Police Actions included attacks by dogs, hosings, jailings, negative media coverage http://www.si.edu/i+d/sitins.arc.html

  10. Freedom Rides

  11. Freedom Rides, 1961 • Civil rights activists, sponsored by CORE, who rode buses through the South to challenge segregation • Group left from Washington, DC and when they arrived at Alabama-whites stopped the buses. • Freedom Riders were met with violence from angry white mobs • JFK sent 400 US marshals to protect the riders on the last part of their journey to Jackson, Mississippi

  12. The Civil Rights Movements Birmingham • MLK was invited to desegregate the city • He was jailed 4/12/63 • There he wrote the “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” • 5/3/63 police “disbanded” a protest with dogs & fire hoses • All was captured on TV • JFK realized the extreme nature of this Above– http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/moore/riotsFrame.shtml; Below– http://www.k12.hi.us/~teamd390/ttchurch.htm

  13. The Civil Rights Movements Birmingham • September 15, 1963 • 11-year-old Denise McNair and three 14-year-olds: Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson and Addie Mae Collins were killed when a dynamite bomb exploded at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. • May 1, 2001 • After less than three hours of deliberations, a jury found Thomas Blanton guilty of four counts of first degree murder, and sentenced him to life imprisonment. http://www.k12.hi.us/~teamd390/ttchurch.htm

  14. The Civil Rights Movements JFK’s Involvement • 6/11/63, JFK sent federal troops to stop Gov. Geo. Wallace in Alabama • Demanded that Congress pass a CIVIL RIGHTS ACT • JFK made many addresses to the Nation regarding CR • Bobby Kennedy was an extreme activist http://www.angelfire.com/pa/marchonwashington/

  15. The Civil Rights Movements The March onto Washington • August 28, 1963– 250,000 people gathered in W, DC • MLK delivered the “I Have A Dream Speech” http://www.angelfire.com/pa/marchonwashington/

  16. “Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. “Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you today my friends — so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." “I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. “I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. “I have a dream today.” The Civil Rights Movements “I have a Dream” http://douglass.speech.nwu.edu/king_b12.htm

  17. The Civil Rights Movements Fighting for the Vote • Summer of ’64 was known as Freedom Summer • SNCC & white co-ed volunteers registered thousands of voters in the South • Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed by LBJ • 24th Amendment abolished the poll tax http://www.jofreeman.com/buttons/civilbuttons.html

  18. The Civil Rights Movements Northern Movements Police in Watts http://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/times/times_watts.html • In the north… • De facto segregation existed • Had to change the ideas of the people, not the courts • Increased during the migration after WWII, and “white flight” began • Race riots in Harlem, Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles (8/11/65) Chicago's West Side burns following riots in 1966. At http://www.blackvoices.com/feature/bhm_00/civilrts.htm

  19. The Civil Rights Movements March from Selma to Montgomery • January, 1965 • Selma, AL was focal point for voting rights campaign • Violence broke out • March, 1965 • “March for Freedom” went from Selma to AL capital • Turned into “Bloody Sunday” when police beat the protesters

  20. The Civil Rights Movements March from Selma to Montgomery • President Johnson was furious • Proposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Abolished Literacy Tests

  21. The Civil Rights MovementsIntegration in Universities • Ole Miss • Sept ’62 James Meredith was blocked from applying by the Governor of MS • JFK had federal marshals escort Meredith • Rioting lasted all night • University of Alabama • June ’63 AL prohibited AfAm from the Univ. • Gov. Wallace blocked the door • JFK sent in the National Guard

  22. The Civil Rights Movements A New Leader– Malcolm X • When a minister within the Nation of Islam • Believed that AfAm should separate from the Whites • Promoted self-defense • Encouraged an identity with Africa & a return to roots www.brothermalcolm.com “Early in life I had learned that if you want something, you had better make some noise.” -Malcolm X http://www.art.com/asp/sp.asp?PD=10036989

  23. The Civil Rights Movements Radical Views • 3/1964 Malcolm broke from the Black Muslims, and later was killed • Division in MLK’s organization grew out of the violence. “We Shall Overrun” was being sung instead of “We Shall Over Come.” • New political party • Black Panthers were developed in 1966 to fight police brutality in ghettos • Encouraged self-protection, establishment of social programs, and communist ideas of General Mao http://www.bobbyseale.com/phototour/12.htm

  24. The Civil Rights Movements A Turning Point • “I may not get there with you but…we as a people will get to the Promise Land.” • April 4, 1968 James Earl Ray assassinated Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, TN. Time Magazine, 1968

  25. The Civil Rights Movements The Legacy • De jure segregation ended with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Civil Rights Gains • Provided more pride for AfAm • More AfAm registered voters • Fought discrimination • Promoted affirmative action http://www.loggia.com/vignette/99118b.html

  26. The Civil Rights Movements The Review • Who were the major characters of the Civil Rights Movements and what actions did they take to cause or prevent change? • What methods of protest were used during the Civil Rights movement and how could you describe the tone of the movement? • Which amendment to the Constitution has the federal government used extensively to ensure the civil rights of citizens? • Identify the components of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, 1965, and 1968.

  27. On a blank piece of paper, create a CIVIL RIGHTS timeline. Make certain that you have included important steps in all of US History that make the journey of civil rights. Grading– Civil Rights Timeline

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