Becoming a World Power

1. Becoming a World Power Chapter 17 Section 1: The Imperialist Vision

2. Building Support for Imperialism Following the Civil War, most Americans showed little interest in expanding their nation's territory and international influence. Instead, they focused on rebuilding the south, building up industry, and settling the west. In the 1880's, American views began to shift. Most people wanted the U.S to become a world power. Shift was caused by economic and military competition from other nations.

3. A Desire for New Markets Imperialism- The economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations. Why expand? Raw materials Tariffs Tariffs made it impossible to trade with other powerful countries, so countries began to look for new markets.

4. New Markets How do these countries protect their investments? Colonies Protectorate The imperial power allowed local leaders to stay in control and protect them against rebellions and invasion. In exchange for this protection, the local rulers accepted advice from the Europeans on how to govern their countries. Americans began to feel that they needed to develop overseas markets to keep their economy strong.

5. A Feeling of Superiority Social Darwinism Argued that nations competed with each other politically, economically, and militarily and that only the strongest would survive. John Fiske- historian who argued that English speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government destined to dominate the world. Anglo- Saxonism Americans felt that it was their duty to expand west to the Pacific Ocean under Manifest Destiny, but now it was their duty to spread their culture and ideas overseas. Josiah Strong- gatherer support for imperialism.

6. Expansion in the Pacific In the early 1800's dozens of ships were making the long trip to China every year. Japan Japan's rulers would only trade with the Dutch and the Chinese because they felt that too much contact would destroy their culture. 1852- President Franklin Pierce decides to force Japan to trade with the U.S. He orders Commodore Matthew C. Perry to take a naval expedition to Japan and negotiate a trade treaty. July, 1853 four US warships entered Tokyo Bay. The Japanese realize they can't compete with western military technology. Japan signs a treaty opening the ports of Simoda and Hokodadi in March, 1854.

7. Annexing Hawaii As trade with China and Japan picked up, America needs to find a port in the Pacific. Pago Pago, one of the Samoan Islands became an American port in the 1830's and became a naval base in 1878. Hawaii In 1819, missionaries from New England settled in Hawaii and found that sugar cane grew well in Hawaii's climate and soil. 1872- severe recession strikes Hawaii. Worried that the Hawaiians would turn to France or Great Britain, the US Senate decided to sign a treaty to exempt Hawaiian sugar from tariffs. Several years later the treaty came up for renewal, the Senate insisted the US would have exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor.

8. Hawaii Continued The treaty led to a great boom in the Hawaiian sugar industry and wealth for the planters. Tensions begin to build. Tensions between planters and the Hawaiian king grow. Planters want to limit the power of the King of Hawaii McKinley Tariff- makes American sugar cheaper than Hawaiian sugar forcing the economy in Hawaii to tailspin. Queen Liliuokialani (1891) takes the throne. Strongly dislikes the influence American settlers have gained in Hawaii. January 1893, she unsuccessfully attempted to impose her new constitution that would have reasserted her authority as ruler of the Hawaiian people.

9. A group of planters forced the Queen to give up power and set up a provisional government. They then asked the US to annex Hawaii. President Cleveland was against imperialism and decided to remove the annex treaty from the Senate and restore Liliuokalani to power. Hawaii's new leaders refused to let her back in power and decided to wait for a new President in office to ask for annexation. Five years later, America annexed Hawaii.

10. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America Pan- Americanism The idea that the United States and Latin America should work together to support peace and increase trade. James Blaine Create a customs union between the US and Latin America which would reduce tariffs on each others goods and treat each other equally in trade. Latin America rejected Blaine's ideas. They did agree to create the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics. This promoted cooperation among the nations in the western hemisphere.

11. Building a Modern Navy As both the American people and government became more willing to risk war in defense of American interests overseas, support for building a large modern navy began to grow. Supporters argued that if the US didn't build up its navy and acquire bases overseas, it would be shut out of foreign markets by the Europeans. Captain Alfred T. Mahan- said that if the US was going to have a large fleet of merchant ships it would need a large navy to protect these vessels. Senators Lodge and Beveridge pushed for the construction of a new large navy. By the late 1890's, America was well on its way to becoming a world power.

12. Chapter 17 Section 2: The Spanish- American War

13. The Coming of War The U.S.S. Maine anchored in Havana harbor exploded. February 15, 1898. Of the 354 officers and sailors aboard, 266 died. The size of the explosion indicates that the ship's ammunition supplies blew up. Some argue that a mine detonated near the ship setting off the ammunition. Many Americans blame Spain. Americans viewed Spain as a tyrant and support the Cubans in their revolution.

14. The Cuban Rebellion Begins Cuba was one of Spain's oldest colonies. Its sugarcane plantations generated great wealth for Spain. Until Spain abolished slavery in 1886, about 1/3 of the Cuban population was enslaved and forced to work for wealthy land owners. Early attempts at revolution failed and many Cuban rebels fled to the United States. Jose Marti (Cuban) a writer and poet was committed to the Cuban cause and drew a large following.

15. Cuba With American tariffs destroying Cuba's economy. With Cuba in an economic crisis, Marti's followers launched a new rebellion in February 1895. Marti dies in battle but his followers seized control of eastern Cuba and declared independence Set up the Republic of Cuba in September 1895. President Grover Cleveland keeps the US neutral when the uprising began. The American people supported the rebels and compared their cause to the American revolution. Yellow Journalism- Writers often exaggerated or even made up stories to attract readers.

16. Cuba The Spanish send 200,000 troops to the island to put down the rebellion under the command of General Weyler “The Butcher.” The Cuban rebels carried out guerrilla warfare staging hit and run attacks, burned plantations, and tore up railroads. The rebels knew that the Americans were heavily invested in plantations and the railroads and by destroying them they hoped that the Americans would get involved. To prevent villagers from helping the rebels, Weyler put them into reconstruction camps where tens of thousands died.

17. Calling Out for War 1897 President McKinley is elected and he makes it clear that he doesn’t want to get the US involved in the war. However in September 1897, he lets the Spanish know that if the war doesn’t end soon, the US might have to get involved. In reply, Spain removes Weyler from power and offered the Cubans autonomy but only if they remained part of the Spanish empire. The rebels refuse, they want independence. January 1898, in order to protect American citizens in Havana, President McKinley sends the battleship USS Maine to Havana Harbor.

18. War February 1898, the Maine explodes and the Americans blame the Spanish. The American people call for war but McKinley is hesitant. Afraid that if he doesn’t declare war the Democrats would win the next election in 1900. April 19, Congress declared Cuba independent, demanded that Spain withdraw from the island and authorized the President to use armed force if necessary. April 24, Spain declares war on the US.

19. A War on Two Fronts The Spanish in Cuba were not prepared for war. Tropical disease and months of hard fighting had weakened the soldiers. Their ships were old and the crews were poorly trained. The US had more battleships and both sides knew that the war would be decided on the seas. If the US could defeat the Spanish fleet, Spain would not be able to resupply their troops in Cuba.

20. The United States Takes the Philippines The US navy's north Atlantic fleet blockaded Cuba and the American fleet based in Hong Kong was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey led the fleet into Manila Bay. At dawn, the fleet bombarded and rapidly defeated the Spanish warships. The US Army was not ready to send troops to help Dewey capture the Philippines. The Army assembled 20,000 men and sent them from San Francisco. On the way, the American troops also captured the island of Guam.

21. Philippines While waiting for the troops to arrive, Dewey contacted Emilio Aguinaldo. Emilio was a Filipino revolutionary leader who staged an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in 1896. Emilio quickly launched a new guerrilla war against the Spanish. He believed the Americans were his allies, but when American troops arrived on the island he became suspicious. The Americans quickly seized the capital of Manila but refused to allow Emilio's forces into the city and refused to negotiate with the rebel government.

22. American Forces Battle in Cuba Unlike the navy, the American army mobilization was poorly conducted. The army lacked resources to train and equip the men who flooded in to sign up. Army camps were unsanitary and epidemics broke out. By the end of the war more would die in these camps than in actual battle. June 14, 1898, 17,000 troops landed on the southern coast of Cuba. Their goal was to capture the heavily fortified Santiago Harbor.

23. Rough Riders Among the troops advancing on Santiago was a Calvary unit led by Colonel Leonard Wood. His second in command was Theodore Roosevelt. This unit was call the “rough riders” because the men were a flamboyant mix of cowboys, miners, and law officers. After American victories at El Caney and the San Juan Heights, the Spanish panic and order the fleet in the harbor to flee. As the Spanish leave the harbor, American war ships attack them and sank every Spanish vessel. Two weeks later, American troops mop up Spanish troops and take Santiago. American troops also take control of Spanish colony of Puerto Rico. August 12, 1898- Spain and the United States agree to a cease- fire.

24. An American Empire is Born Guam and Puerto Rico are annexed at the end of the war but the question is what do we do with the Philippines? The American public was split over what to do with the Philippines so it was up to President McKinley to decide the future of the Philippines. McKinley decides to annex . December 10,1898, the US and Spain meet to sign the Treaty of Paris.

25. Treaty of Paris In this treaty Cuba becomes independent country. The US acquired Puerto Rico and Guam. US agrees to pay $20 million for the Philippines. Senate ratifies the treaty in February 1899 and the US becomes an imperial empire.

26. Rebellion in the Philippines Unhappy with the American decision to annex his country, Emilio Aguinaldo called for his troops to attack American soldiers in the Philippines. General Arthur MacArthur faced with fighting the rebels also set up reconstruction camps to separate the rebels from the civilians. Thousands would die of starvation and disease. William Howard Taft the 1st civilian governor of the islands tried to win over the support of the people by improving education, transportation, and health care. New railroads, bridges, and telephone lines strengthened the economy. New health care virtually eliminated diseases such as cholera and smallpox.

27. Philippines March 1901, American troops capture Aguinaldo and a month later he called for his guerrilla fighters to stop fighting the Americans. By 1902, the US had declared the war over.

28. Governing Puerto Rico In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act. This made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory. Puerto Ricans were not US citizens and had no constitutional rights. The act also stated that Congress could pass any laws it wanted for the island. 1917 the US made Puerto Ricans citizens of the United States. 1947 Puerto Rico was allowed to elect its own governor.

29. Cuba and the Platt Amendment After the war, the US establish a military government in Cuba. Cuba was promised independence but McKinley wanted to make sure it remained tied to the US. Platt Amendment- (Senator Orville Platt, 1901) Cuba could not make another treaty with another country that would allow another country to gain land in Cuba. US could buy or lease naval bases in Cuba. Cuba's debt had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from invading to enforce payment. US can intervene at anytime to protect Cuban independence and keep order. Repealed in 1934.

30. Chapter 17 Section 3: New American Diplomacy

31. T.R. Rise to Power The Election of 1900 President McKinley vs William Jennings Bryan. Bryan focused on anti- imperialist attacks and McKinley focused on the nations prosperity. McKinley wins and selects Teddy Roosevelt as Vice President. September 6, 1901- President McKinley was shot by a anarchist named Leon Czolgosz. A few days later McKinley died and Teddy becomes President. Roosevelt only 42 at the time became the youngest President .

32. RoseveltBecomes President TR brought an energy and enthusiasm rarely seen in office. Roseveltwas a proponent of increasing American power on the world stage. He believed that the US had a duty to shape “less civilized” corners of the earth.

33. American Diplomacy in Asia In 1899, the US was a major power in Asia, with naval bases all across the Pacific. The US Navy was now 3rd largest in the world and from these bases they could exert American power anywhere in East Asia. The nation's primary interest in Asia was not conquest but commerce. Chinese markets excited American business leaders and from 1895- 1900 American exports to China increased by four times. Textile, oil, and steel industries.

34. The Open Door Policy Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia wanted leaseholds to lands in China. Each leasehold became the center of a country's sphere of influence Sphere of influence- an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development. These events led President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay to develop a policy called the Open Door Policy, which stated that all countries should be allowed to trade in China. All the European powers agreed on the open door and the US expected everyone to abide by the plan.

35. The Boxer Rebellion Boxers- secret Chinese society with the goal to wipe out foreign control of China. 1900, Boxer Rebellion begins and rebels kill more than 200 foreigners and take many prisoners. August 1900, an international force, including US troops stepped in and squashed the rebellion. Hay encouraged European countries not to break up China into separate colonies. Instead, Hay urged the powers to accept compensation from China for damage caused during the rebellion. Keeping China from being broken up.

36. Balancing Power in East Asia TR as President supported the Open Door policy in China and worked to prevent any single nation from monopolizing trade there. TR negotiates peace between Russia and Japan in 1905. Takes place in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. TR got the Russians to recognize Japan's territorial gains and for the Japanese to stop fighting and seek no further territory. 1907 TR sends 16 battleships of the new US Navy, known as the “Great White Fleet” on a voyage around the world to show the nation's military might. Tour stopped in Japan to demonstrate that the US will uphold its interest in Asia.

37. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean TR believed that showing American military power everywhere would prevent other countries from trying to fight us and thus keep the peace. Speak softly and carry a big stick. The Panama Canal- 1903 TR viewed a canal through Central America as vital to American power in the world. A canal would save time and money for both commercial and military shipping. In 1901, Hay- Pauncefote Treaty gave the US the exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America.

38. Panama Canal A French company had began digging a canal in Panama in 1881. By 1889, they had abandoned its efforts because of bankruptcy and terrible diseases were killing the workers. 1903 Hay offer Colombia $10 million and a yearly rent of $250,000 for the right to construct the canal and control the narrow strip of land on either side of it. Afraid of losing Panama the Colombian government refused the offer.

39. Revolt in Panama Panama had refused Colombian rule since the mid- 1800's. The only way to make sure that the canal would be built in Panama was to declare independence. November 3, 1903, revolt begins in Panama. TR sends ships to Panama to prevent Colombia from interfering. Within a few days, the US recognizes Panama's independence. Two weeks later the two countries signed an agreement to build the canal.

42. The Roosevelt Corollary In TR address to Congress in 1904, the President defined what came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. States that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere. Latin American nations resented the growing American influence in the region. Taft and dollar diplomacy.