Session Overview: In this session we will discuss:

1. Session Title:Urban Local Bodies(Municipalities and Municipal Corporations) — A Historical perspective

2. Session Overview: • In this session we will discuss: • the origin and evolution of urban local self government, • the system of the same in ancient and present India. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

3. Learning Objectives: • The overview of this will enable the participants • to understand the role and importance of urban local self government in urban society. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

4. Origin of urban local self government • Development in all its possible dimensions– social, economic and political – is the cry of the day, not only in the developed countries, • but especially in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America as well, which have earned independence after the Second World War. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

5. These “New States” aspire for modernity and feel the pressing necessity of rapid national development. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

6. The tendency in the countries today is towards • organizing local governments to give them sound footing, and • to make them play a substantial role in the process of economic and political transformation. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

7. The industrial revolution, • new scientific and technological advancements, • need for social and economic changes -- are some of the causes which have generally widened the scope of the activities of the state, vis-à-vis, local governments. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

8. The municipal government in the urban areas may be conceived as -- an elected political institution for local popular choice for local civic services. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

9. It has been universally regarded as people’s government at the grass roots level in the shape of local government for the urban areas. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

10. A municipality, being closest to the local community, is favourably suited to • respond to diverse local needs in the most economical manner. • It enhances people’s participation and political awareness Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

11. The word ‘municipality’ denotes • a town, city or district that has its local government, and • ‘corporation’ refers to • a group of people elected to govern a large town or city and provide public services. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

12. The name city or town is given to certain communities • by virtue of some legal or conventional distinction and • it refers to an urban area incorporated by special or general act of state legislature. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

13. Its charter of incorporation prescribes the extent of municipal powers and the frame of local government subject to constitutional limitation and amendment. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

14. A municipal town is generally acclaimed to have these characteristics: • ¾ of the adult male population chiefly employed in pursuits other than agriculture; • not less than 3000 residents; • an average number of not less than 1000 inhabitants to the square miles; and • it serves as the primary school for training in the management of the government. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

15. The origin of urban development dates back • to the ancient age. Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

16. The earliest of man’s settlements grew in the rich subtropical valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus and the Yellow rivers or in such well-watered islands of Crete. • Such areas provided favourable environmental factors making town living relatively easy. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

17. Historians believe • that man started relatively fixed settlement about 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic age. • evolution of the Neolithic village into a city took more than 1,500 years in the Old World from 5,000 to 3,500 B.C. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

18. Domestication of animals and technological developments in agriculture tuned with development in transportation facilitated man’s settlement in urban places. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

19. This is evident from • the city based settlements in Tigris-Euphrates valley around 3,500 B.C, • Sumerian Coast at Ur and in the Indus Valley at Mohenjo-daro and in the valleys of Nile. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

20. Cities proliferated along overland trade-roots from Turkestan to the Caspian and then to the Persian Gulf and eastern Mediterranean. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

21. The heterogeneous peoples of the Greco-Roman world inherited • a technological and non-material culture from Asia that helped nourish the growth of cities. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

22. In the Greek city-state or ‘polis’ the ancient city system of administration reached its peak. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

23. In the medieval age (12th and 13th centuries) new towns were set up, and • the age witnessed a singular upsurge toward civic autonomy. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

24. Towns in western Europe had various kinds of municipal institutions loosely grouped together under the designation ‘commune’. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

25. The renaissance and industrialisation was a watershed in the modern urban world which witnessed a rapid growth in urban development. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

26. More number of cities and townships came into being • advent of rapid modes of transit, • communications, new building materials, • the automobile and rising level of per capita personal income. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

27. Types of Municipal system • The municipal system of government today may be classified in four principal types: • the decentralised system found in federal constitutions; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

28. the decentralized system found in unitary constitutions; • the supervisory system found under “Napoleonic’ or French-type administration; and • the integrated system found in eastern Europe. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

29. Modern day urban planning • With the growth of more urban areas in the present day the need for proper civic administration is of paramount importance. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

30. A modern day city or town has to look after the following needs shown in the next slide: Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

31. orderly arrangement of parts of the city • residential, business and industrial • so that each part could perform its functions with minimum cost and conflict; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

32. an efficient system of circulation within the city and to the outside world, using to the maximum advantage of all modes of transportation; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

33. the development of each part of the city to optimum standards, in terms of plot size, sunlight, and green space in residential areas and parking and building spacing in business areas; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

34. provision of safe , sanitary and comfortable housing in a variety of dwelling types to meet the needs of all families; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

35. provision of recreation, schools and other community services of adequate size, location and quality; • provision of adequate and economical water supply, sewerage, utilities and public services. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

36. Urban self governmentin Ancient India • The idea of local self government was present even during the grand old days of Vedic India. • The cult of “Sabha” (Popular Assembly) and mention of city administration in the ancient epics show evidence of existence of constitutional government at local level. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

37. Kautilya’s “Arthasastra” of 300 B.C. talks of city administration by state appointed “Nagaraka” (City Superintendent) performing various civic functions • The accounts of Megasthenes, narrate performance of various civic administration and formation of local bodies like “Kudumbus” (wards). Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

38. Urban self government in British India • the present system of municipal government was by and large introduced in this country by the British Government. • Madras was the first city to be established as a municipal corporation in 1688. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

39. Municipal Corporations were created for Calcutta and Bombay by a Royal Charter granted in 1727. • More Municipalities and Corporations were set up in different areas progressively. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

40. Socio-political obligations chiefly led to the creation of those urban local governments • to bring down pressure on the royal treasury, • to look after the health and well-being of the British soldiers and • to facilitate collection of taxes and revenues from the local inhabitants. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

41. The Bengal Act X of 1842 • the first municipal legislation outside the Presidency town of Calcutta. • replaced by the Act XXVI of 1850 as an all-India measure. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

42. Lord Rippon’s famous Act of 1884 • universally acknowledged as the harbinger of local democracy in urban India. • brought about fundamental changes in the municipal structure, functions and responsibilities, and • under this Act, all members of the Board were to be elected. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

43. Later, this Act was substituted by the Bengal Municipal Act 1932 • which continued to be the basic guiding municipal legislation in the pre -independence era. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

44. Urban self government inPost Independence India • After independence and with the inauguration of the Constitution • the position of local self government institutions has assumed an increasing importance in the political and administrative set-up of the country. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

45. Urban self government inPost Independence India • A Central Council of Local Self-Government was established under Article 263 of the Constitution by a Presidential order in September, 1954. • This provided a forum for discussion of policy and programmes on local self government. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

46. Constitutionalising the ULBs • A wave of decentralization of service delivery to local governments gathered momentum in the 1990s, including countries like Albania, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Malawi, Madagascar, Philippines, South Africa, Uzbekistan Uganda and Zambia. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

47. Constitutionalising the ULBs • India also implemented a countrywide experiment with decentralisation to urban local governments with the passage of 74th Constitutional Amendment in 1992. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

48. The 74th Amendment Act, 1992 inserted Articles 243 P to 243 ZG, for uniform compliance throughout the country. Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

49. the major features of Articles 243 P to 243 ZG are: • a) Granting ULBs constitutional status; • b) Ensuring free, fair and regular elections; • c) Keeping terms fixed; • d) Identifying a list of 18 subjects to come under the jurisdiction of the ULBs as enumerated in the Twelfth Schedule; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1

50. e) Setting up of a State Finance Commission once in five years to review ULB financial position and make suitable recommendations for fund distribution to ULBs; • f) Independent State Election Commission to supervise preparation of electoral rolls and control electoral process; Next Training Module on 'Audit of ULBs' Session 1