1 / 59

BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

BASIC CELL BIOLOGY. I CHEMISTRY of LIFE. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. The principles of depicting molecular structure Functional groups typically found in biomolecules

dorisjjones
Télécharger la présentation

BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. BASIC CELL BIOLOGY I CHEMISTRY of LIFE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

  2. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • The principles of depicting molecular structure • Functional groups typically found in biomolecules • Condensation and hydrolysis reactions of organic compounds • Ethers and esters • Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds • Alcohols and sugars • Amino acids • Nucleotides

  3. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure

  4. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  5. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure By taking away a hydrogen atom from the molecule of methane (CH4) a methyl radical is created (CH3-), which has highly reactive, unsaturated valence + = H2C= + =CH2 = H2C=CH2

  6. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure Simplified (schematic) structural formula Structural isomers

  7. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  8. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  9. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  10. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  11. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  12. Lecture 4 The principles of depicting molecular structure Approaches to depict the molecular structure

  13. Lecture 4 Functional groups The groups of atoms within the molecule which posses distinct chemical properties

  14. Lecture 4 Functional groups The rest of the molecule which is connected to the functional group is denoted by R - (radical)

  15. Lecture 4 Functional groups The presence of the functional groups in the molecule is denoted in their names by specific endings

  16. Lecture 4 Functional groups Functional groups may be involved in chemical reactions

  17. Lecture 4 Functional groups

  18. Lecture 4 Functional groups

  19. Lecture 4 Functional groups Oxidation of the methane Alcohol Aldehyde Acid

  20. Lecture 4 Functional groups One molecule may contain several identical or different functional groups Complex carbonic acids (lactic acid) Polyvalent alcohols - polyols (glycerol)

  21. Lecture 4 Functional groups

  22. Lecture 4 Functional groups

  23. Lecture 4 Functional groups Optical (mirror) symmetry / chirality (+/-) D/L isomers - enantomers The secondary C atom of lactic acid is connected to three different functional groups and to H atom

  24. Lecture 4 Functional groups Functional groups may be involved in chemical reactions • condensation (associatioun which is accompanied by release of water) • hydrolysis (dissocciation by addition of water) R -OH + OH-R R-O-R +H2O R-O-R +H2O R -OH + OH-R

  25. Lecture 4 Functional groups At condensation of two alcohol molecules an ether is formed

  26. Lecture 4 Functional groups At condensation of alcohol and organic acid an esther is formed

  27. Lecture 4 Functional groups At condensation of alcohol and organic acid an esther is formed Methylesther of acetic acid, Methylacetate

  28. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds Alcans– the simplest organic molecules, which are formed only by H and C atoms. General chemical composition: CnH2n+2 The simplest alcane: methane: CH4

  29. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds Alcane radicals are obtained by taking away one hydrogen atom from the molecule. The names of the radicals are derived by adding the ending -yl to the corresponding names of the alcanes (dodecyl-). STRUCTURAL ISOMERS:

  30. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds

  31. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • Alkenes • If two hydrogen atoms are removed from neighbouring carbon atoms in an alcane molecule (dehydration), a double covalent bond may be formed. • Hydrocarbons, which contain one or more double bonds are called alkenes. • Their names are derived from the names of corresponding alcanes by replacing ending -ane with the ending -ene.

  32. Types of the organic compounds Lecture 4 • Alkynes • If four hydrogen atoms are removed from neighbouring carbon atoms in an alcane molecule (dehydration), a triple covalent bond may be formed. • Hydrocarbons, which contain one or more triple bonds are called alkynes. • Their names are derived from the names of corresponding alcanes by replacing ending -ane with the ending -yne. Trivial names are used too, e.g. - ethyne=acetylene.

  33. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds Spatial isomers FREE ROTATION AROUND BOND - NO ISOMERS

  34. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds Spatial isomers FREE ROTATION AROUND BOND - NO ISOMERS

  35. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds Spatial isomers trans- butilene cis- butilene NO ROTATION AROUND DOUBLE BOND - ISOMERS

  36. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS) General chemical formula (CH2O) = carbon + water. Simple molecules (monomers) – monosaccharides: a chain of 3 – 6 C atoms + one carbonyl (aldehyde-) and several hydroxyl groups. In the result of condensation reactions di-, tri- and poly-saccharides are formed.

  37. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS)

  38. Lecture 4 Tautomerisation of the carbohydrates a-D-glycopyranose D - glucose b-D-glycopyranose

  39. Tautomerisation of the carbohydrates Lecture 4 b-D-fructofuranose a-D-glycopyranose a-D-2-deoxyribofuranose a-D-ribofuranose 5 C atoms + O atom = pyranose; 4 C atoms + O atoms = furanose (riboses, fructose)

  40. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS ACETIC ACID GLYCINE ( Gly; G)

  41. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: NON -POLAR Alanine (Ala; A)

  42. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS; NON-POLAR Valine (Val; V) Leucine (Leu; L) Isoleucine (Ile; I)

  43. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: NON-POLAR Phenylalanine (Phe; F) Typtophan (Trp; W)

  44. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: NON-POLAR Methionine (Met; M) Proline (Pro; P)

  45. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: POLAR Serine (Ser; S) Threonine (Thr; T)

  46. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: POLAR Cysteine (Cys; C) Methionine(Met; M)

  47. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: POLAR Tyrosine (Tyr; Y) Phenylalanine (Phe; F)

  48. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: POLAR Asparagine (Asn; N) Glutamine (Gln; Q)

  49. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: ACIDIC Asparaginic acid (Asp; D) Glutaminic acid (Glu; E)

  50. Lecture 4 Types of the organic compounds • AMINO ACIDS: BASIC Lysine (Lys; K) Arginine (Arg; R)

More Related