1. Carboxylic acids • 1 C: formic acid, methanoic acid • 2 C’s: acetic acid, ethanoic acid • 3 C’s: propionic acid, propanoic acid • 4 C’s: butyric acid, butanoic acid

2. Aspirin : Should you take a daily dose? (Prostaglandins F2a) Prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological phenomena, including inflammation, blood clotting, and the induction of labor. Aspirin act by blocking the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the cell.

3. cyclooxygenase

4. Carboxylic Acid Carboxylate ion

5. Electron-withdrawing groups stabilize a conjugate base, making a carboxylic acid more acidic.

6. Electron-donating groups destabilize a conjugate base, making a carboxylic acid less acidic.

7. Alpha Hydroxy Acids in Cosmetics

8. Carboxylic acids’ Derivatives

9. Esters

12. Preparing Biodiesel

13. Preparing Soaps

14. Amides

15. (cell wall transamidase)

18. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Amines RNH2, ArNH2 Primary, 1o Amines R2NH, Ar2NH Secondary, 2oAmines R3N, Ar3N Tertiary, 3o Amines N,N-dimethylethylamine butylamine N-methylpropylamine

19. สารประกอบเอมีนที่มีฤทธิ์เป็นยาสารประกอบเอมีนที่มีฤทธิ์เป็นยา

21. NaNO2 inhibits the growth of Clostridium botulinum.

23. Quote of The Day Think like a wise man but express yourself like an ordinary one. จงคิดเหมือนปราชญ์ แต่แสดงออกเหมือนสามัญชน

24. Stereochemistry is the study of the three-dimensional structure of molecules. Stereoisomers Isomers : Different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Stereoisomers : Isomers that have the same bonding sequence but differ in the orientation of their atoms in space.

25. Late 50’s, thalidomide was prescribed as an analgesic for morning sickness and used extensively in Europe and Canada despite strong warning that it not be used by pregnant women. • By 1961, it was recognized as the cause for numerous birth defects (~7-10,000 in 28 countries).

26. Mirror 180° rotation

28. คู่ enantiomers

29. Each enantiomer of a stereoisomeric pair is optically active and has an equal but opposite-in-sign specific rotation. • One enantiomer will rotate polarized light in a clockwise direction, termed dextrorotatory (+), and its mirror-image partner in a counter-clockwise manner, termed levorotatory (–). • It is common practice to convert the observed rotation, α, to a specific rotation, [α].

30. Although two enantiomers have identical boiling points and melting points, they rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. A polarimeter is used to measure the optical rotations of enantiomers. (http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom12)

31. Specific rotation, [a] = amount (degrees) that a substance rotates plane polarized light expressed in a standard form.

32. Carvone from caraway:   [α]D = +62.5º Carvone from spearmint:   [α]D = –62.5º Lactic acid from muscle tissue:   [α]D = +2.5º Lactic acid from sour milk:   [α]D = –2.5º

33. How can one identify enantiomerism? All objects may be classified with respect to chirality (from the Greek cheir = hand): Chiral = Objects that are different from theirs mirror image; i.e. golf clubs, scissors; enantiomers are chiral. Achiral = Objects that are identical with theirs mirror image; i.e. a pencil, a T-shirt.

34. Chiral molecule : (R)-lactic acid Achiral molecule : water Water (H2O) • Achiral molecules have either one or both of the following: • Plane of symmetry • Center of symmetry

35. Chiral molecules have chiral center (or stereo or stereogenic center): an atom attached to 4 different atoms or groups. (chiral carbon)

36. Designating the Configuration of Stereogenic Centers The CIP system of nomenclature. (R. S. Cahn, C. K. Ingold and V. Prelog) • Each stereogenic center in a molecule is assigned a prefix (R or S), according to whether its configuration is right- or left-handed. • The symbol R comes from the Latin rectus for right, and S from the Latin sinister for left.

37. The assignment of the prefixes depends on the application of two rules: The Sequence Rule The Viewing Rule Right-Handed Left-Handed

38. The Sequence Rule • Assign sequence priorities to the four substituents by looking at the atoms attached directly to the chiral stereogenic carbon atom. • The higher the atomic number of the immediate substituent atom, the higher the priority; H–  <  C–  <  N–  <  O–  <  Cl–. • If two substituents have the same immediate substituent atom, evaluate atoms progressively further away from the chiral center until a difference is found. i.e. CH3–  <  C2H5–  <  ClCH2–  <  BrCH2–  <  CH3O–.

39. If double or triple bonded groups are encountered as substituents, they are treated as an equivalent set of single- bonded atoms. i.e. C2H5–  <  CH2=CH–  <  HC≡C–

40. The Viewing Rule • The chiral center must be viewed from the side opposite the lowest priority group. • Numbering the substituent groups from 1 to 4, with 1 being the highest and 4 the lowest in priority sequence, and put a viewers eye on the side opposite substituent #4. • If the progression from 1 to 3is clockwise, the configuration at the stereocenter is R. Conversely the counterclockwised progression is assigned as S.

41. Assign Priorities Twist the lowest priority to the back Rotate Priorities

42. Priorities 2-Bromobutane View & Assign (S)-2-Bromobutane

43. If you have troubles looking at the stereocenter, try Fischer Projections.

44. Only two kinds of motions are allowed for Fischer projection. 1) Rotation on page 180˚ is allowed for Fischer projection. 2) One group can be held steady while the other three rotate in either a clockwise or a clockwise direction.

45. Assigning R, S configurations to Fischer projections. • Assign priorities to the four substituents in the usual way. • Perform one of the two allowed motions to place the group of lowest (4th) priority at the top or bottom of the Fischer projection if it is necessary. • Determine the direction of rotation in going from priority 1 to 2 to 3, and assign R (clockwise) or S (counterclockwise).

47. Compounds Having Two or More Stereogenic Centers Stereocenter 2 Stereocenter 1 adrenaline (1R), (2S)-(-)-Ephedrine

48. (+)-Pseudoephedrine and (-)-Pseudoephedrine are diastereomers of (+)-Ephedrine.

49. Diastereomers • Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. • Diastereomers have similar chemical properties. • Diastereomers have different physical properties: melting points, boiling points, solubities in solvent, etc. • Diastereomers can be separated by fractional distillation, or crystallization.

50. Diastereomers Diastereomers