Taking notes

1. Taking notes • Anything written in RED should be written down exactly. • Anything written in YELLOW should be paraphrased. (written in your own words) • Anything written in GREEN is background and you do not need to write it down.

2. Malawi Mozambique Angola Zambia Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe Swaziland Madagascar Lesotho SouthAfrica

3. Southern African History • Great Zimbabwe – center of the gold mining from 1200’s – 1400’s, by the Bantu-speaking people.

4. Southern African History • British took control of the southern part of Africa after the Boer Wars in the 1890’s, forming the Union of South Africa in 1902.

5. Southern African History • Segregation is the separation of people on the basis of race or ethnicity. • Apartheid means the complete separation of the races. • 1948 policy of Apartheid • -banned social contact between blacks and whites • -Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods • -Most land (all good land) went to whites. • -Blacks had no power in government

6. Southern African History • Nelson Mandela – became leader of a black rights organization in 1949. Became South Africa’s president in 1994. Established a new constitution giving equal rights to all.

7. Southern African Economy • Apartheid hurt the economy of South Africa because many foreign nations imposed economic sanctions. • Blacks lived in Shantytowns, while whites lived in upper – middle class houses similar to United States.

9. South African Economy • Economically unequal balance of wealth between blacks and whites • South Africahas 2 economies -Industrial cities and modern agriculture -Subsistence agriculture and shanty-towns

11. Southern African Economy • Botswana -Mineral wealth (diamonds) brings money to government and land owners -Not much land is used for food production

12. South African Culture • Pandemic – uncontrollable outbreak of disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area. Example AIDS.

13. Southern African Culture • AIDS – 25% of all adults were infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. • Life expectancy in 1994 was 60 years old. • Life expectancy in 1999 was 39 years old.

15. Djibouti Eritrea Somalia Ethiopia Uganda Kenya Rwanda Burundi Tanzania

16. History of East Africa • Berlin Conference – in 1884- 1885, 14 European nations met to divide up Africa. No African rulers were invited.

17. History of East Africa • The European nations divided Africa without regard to borders or ethnic groups. They combined people who were traditional enemies. • Some ethnic groups were favored more than others which cause even more tension

18. History of East Africa • Civil wars broke out after most of East African countries regained their independence from Europe. • East African nations were not prepared for independence

19. East African Economy • Cash crops – coffee, tea, and sugar which are grown for direct sale. • Tourism due to vast wildlife parks.

20. Hutu vs. Tutsi • Dutch colonists favored Tutsi -Tutsi given control -Tutsi minority in Rwanda and Burundi • 1959 Tutsi king overthrown by Hutu militia • 1972 Tutsi in Burundi attempt genocide of Hutu -100,000 dead • 1970’s Hutu leadership in Rwanda begins persecuting Tutsi • 1994 President Habyarimana assassinated; massacre begins

22. Central African Republic Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Gabon Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo

23. History of Central Africa • The Bantu lived in what is now Nigeria • Beginning in 2000 BC, they migrated southward down the coastlines, spreading their culture and language. This is known as theBantu migration.

24. Bantu Migration

25. History of Central Africa Slave Trade • African Kingdoms of the ancient world took prisoners of war as slaves, often selling them to North African Arab traders. • In the 1400’s Portugal became involved in this trade, resulting in the transport of millions of west African slaves to the Americas.

26. History of Central Africa • King Leopold II – Belgian ruler who controlled the Congo River by 1884. • He used forced labor to gather rubber, palm oil, ivory and other resources. • Central Africa was controlled by Belgium and France during the 19th and 20th centuries

27. Economy of Central Africa • When the Colonial powers left Central Africa, they left little money to develop roads, railroads, airports or an education system. • Mobutu SeseSeko – corrupt leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1967 – 1997, brought rapid decline of economy, social structure and economic system. Used the military to maintain power.

28. Western Sahara Mauritania Senegal Niger Mali Chad Gambia Burkina Faso Guinea Bissau Nigeria Guinea IvoryCoast Sierra Leon Liberia Togo Ghana Benin

29. History of West Africa • Rich trading empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. They traded gold and salt across the Sahara. • Stateless society – people rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than an elected government or monarch.

30. Economics in West Africa • Trade is important to West Africa. They sell products to Europe, North America and Asia. • Ghana’s economy relies on the export of Gold, diamonds, magnesium and bauxite. Has suffered civil war and military rule, but past 20 years have shown progress economic growth.

31. Economics of West Africa • Sierra Leone poor education, poor infrastructure, a lack of skilled labor, and decades of civil war have created the weakest eco in W Africa

32. West African Culture • Ashanti – people who live in Ghana, are known for weaving colorful asasia or kente cloth.

33. West African Culture • Benin – made famous bronze statues

34. Tunisia Morocco Algeria Libya Egypt Sudan

35. North African History • Carthage – founded by a Phoenician queen around 814 BC. It was one of the great cities of ancient Africa.became wealthy and powerful in Med. Trade, until destroyed by Rome

36. North African History • Egypt depends on the Nile River for water and rich soil for farming. • Islam is a major cultural and religious influence in North Africa. It is a monotheistic religion (one God) based on the teachings of Muhammad.

37. North African Economy • The economy of North Africa was based on agriculture, but now it is mainly oil. • Discovery of oil has changed economies of N. African countries • Libya: majority of exports are petro-chemical -Libyan workforce cannot meet labor need; foreign (skilled)workers are being used, pulling money from Libyan economy

38. North African Economy • Many N. Africans have migrated into Europe looking for work (skilled and unskilled) because jobs at home are unavailable.

39. North African Culture • Souks – marketplaces • Large tents are erected and people buy and sell a wide range of goods. There is a variety of food, musicians and storytellers. Traders Village?

40. North African Culture • Rai – a kind of music developed in Algeria in the 1920’s by poor urban children. Later it became used by protestors. • Women’s roles are changing, especially in Tunisia. Either spouse can seek a divorce and there is a penalty for spousal abuse. Also, men can only have one wife now.