Water and solutions

1. Water and solutions • Water • Polarity • Oxygen holds more electrons making it have a negative charge- hydrogen sides has a positive charge • Polar compund- uneven distribution of charge • Solubility (like dissolves like) • Water dissolves other polar molecules • Water does not dissolve nonpolar molecules

3. Hydrogen Bonding • Hydrogen bond- electrostatic bond that exists between water molecules • Constantly breaking and reforming • Gives water unique properties

4. Cohesion- attractive force that holds water molecules together • Adhesion- attractive force between water molecules and other substances

5. Temperature moderation • Specific heat- ability to absorb a lot of heat energy without changing temperature • Water has a very high specific heat because of hydrogen bonding

6. Density of Ice • Water is unique in that the solid state (ice) is less dense than liquid form • This occurs because water molecules form a crystal lattice structure when they freeze

7. Water and solutions • Solutions • Solution- mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance • Solute- substance dissolved in the solution • Solvent- substance in which the solute is dissolved

8. Concentration- amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent • Saturated- no more solute can dissolve • Aqueous solution- water is the solvent

9. Acids and bases • Ionization of water

11. Acid- number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions • Base- number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions

12. pH scale