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PSYC 330: Perception

PSYC 330: Perception. Music. Notes. Tone height – frequency - but notice what happens at an octave Tone chroma – “color” shared by tones at octaves. How does a guitar make sound?. Plucked strings vibrate

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PSYC 330: Perception

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  1. PSYC 330: Perception Music

  2. Notes Tone height – frequency - but notice what happens at an octave Tone chroma – “color” shared by tones at octaves

  3. How does a guitar make sound? • Plucked strings vibrate • More massive strings vibrate more slowly  lower frequency  lower pitch • Less massive strings vibrate more rapidly  higher frequency  higher pitch • Tension of string matters  tighter string  faster vibration  higher pitch • Length of string also matters  manipulate by playing (fretting) • “Soundboard” vibrates • String vibration travels to bridge which moves soundboard (whole body) • Air inside guitar vibrates • Sound comes out sound hole  ear or bust!

  4. Harmonics

  5. Chords, Melody, Harmony • All define/describe the relationship of notes that are played together (distributed in time) • Chords = simultaneous • Defined by the root (~fundamental frequency) • Further described by relationship between notes • Major/minor • Consonance/dissonance • Melody = distributed in time • Defined by psychological experience • Can be recognized by infants as young as 7 months • Harmony = distributed in relationship to melody • http://www.chordbook.com/guitarchords.php

  6. Timing • Tempo • Average duration of notes in a melody • But relative differences entirely intertwined with melody • Rhythm • Part of nature  pattern of repetition • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqeR94k0uFg • Psychological experience of rhythm (we add stress/accent and complexity psychologically, even when it is not there). Fundamental to our organization of sounds in time. • Syncopation = unpredictable variation in rhythm

  7. Music and Culture • Modern conceptions • Music as entertainment • Reflection of philosophy • E.g. Western music reflects analytic tradition, elements put together to form whole • E.g. Indonesian music reflect mandalic philosophy (circular repetition), epicycle within cycle http://cybermesa.com/~bjackson/Papers/audiofiles/gamela24.wav • Analysis of rhythm (organization of sounds in time) • Human nature to hear rhythm, but not necessarily to present it the same • Western – precision, mathematical (syncopation – two rhythms which converge to provide interest) • Native American – physical drone drum, heartbeat http://cybermesa.com/~bjackson/Papers/audiofiles/ojibwa4.wav • Japan – unpredictability of naturehttp://cybermesa.com/~bjackson/Papers/audiofiles/gagaku1.wav

  8. Types of scales • Octaves pretty universal, how many steps to divide the rest? • My guitar: 12 equal steps – but how to divide it beyond that? • Heptatonic (7 note) • Pentatonic (5 notes) Quarter step inclusion: • Indian http://cybermesa.com/~bjackson/Papers/audiofiles/saran1-2.wav • Arabic http://cybermesa.com/~bjackson/Papers/audiofiles/islam1-4.wav • Indonesian – two scales • Pelog scale consists of seven unequally spaced notes of which five are used depending on the mode of the song • Slendro scale has five equally spaced notes and uses all notes in the songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ku9iH2pU9g

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