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Understanding the Volume and Buoyant Forces of a Solid in Liquids: Experiments and Analysis

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dreama
12 diapositives · 292 Views · Jul 31, 2014

This collection of exercises explores the principles of buoyancy, including Archimedes' principle, through practical experiments involving a solid immersed in liquids of varying densities. The exercises detail the forces acting on the solid, calculations of volume and mass, and the effects of liquid density on buoyancy. Further sections examine the operation of a lamp circuit and the properties of lenses in magnification. The exercises integrate concepts of physics to enhance understanding of fluid dynamics, electric circuits, and optics.

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Understanding the Volume and Buoyant Forces of a Solid in Liquids: Experiments and Analysis
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  1. First exercise:Determination of the volume of a solid Consider a solid (S) of density ρs = 1 g/cm3. (S) is immersed in a liquid of density ρ. (S) is in equilibrium and the volume of the immersed part is Vi (adjacent figure). 1-(S) floats on the surface of a liquid. a) Name the two forces acting on (S). : weight of the object :Buoyant Force (Archimedes up thrust) b) Tell, for each of the two forces, whether it is a contact force or an action from a distance force. Weight : action from a distance. Archimedes up thrust force: contact force. c) Give the line of action and the direction of each of these two forces. i. Line of action. ( vertical) i. Line of action. ( vertical) ii. Direction. (downward) ii. Direction. (upward) d) Write down the vector relation between these two forces. Condition of equilibrium

  2. e) Reproduce the figure and represent, without a scale, these two forces.

  3. 2- We repeat the experiment by putting (S) successively in different liquids. The adjacent graph represents the Variation of Vi as a function of ρ. a) According to the graph, does the volume of the immersed part increase or decrease when the density of the liquid increases? According to the graph, we notice that the immersed volume decreases when the density of the liquid increases. If it was not written in the question “According to the graph”, we can solve it by this way. are inversely proportional The immersed volume decreases when the density of the liquid increases. b) For ρ = 1 g/cm3, (S) is totally immersed in the liquid. Why? Floating object in the liquid

  4. c) Deduce graphically the volume of (S). For =1g/cm3 , we find Vi = 200 cm3 . Vi = Vs = 200 cm3 (S) is totally immersed d) Calculate the mass m of (S). e) Calculate the weight W of (S).

  5. 3- (S) is immersed in another liquid of density ρL . We observe that 25 % of the object is immersed. a) Show that the density of this liquid is ρL = 4 g/cm3. According to the graph , for Vi = 50 cm3 we find =4g/cm3 b) Deduce the value F of the Archimedes up thrust exerted by liquid on (S). c) By comparing W and F, deduce that the solid floats at the surface of the liquid.

  6. Second exercise Normal functioning of a lamp The object of this exercise is to study the functioning of a lamp (L) that carries the inscriptions (3V; 3W). I- Resistance of the lamp (L) The lamp (L) is connected in a convenient circuit so as to function normally. 1) a) What is the voltage across (L)? UL = 3 V b) What is the power consumed by (L)? P = 3 W c) Deduce the value of the current I0 carried by (L). 2)(L) may be considered as a resistor of resistance r. Show that r = 3 Ω. Ohm’s Law

  7. II- Functioning of the lamp (L) We connect (L) in series with a resistor (D) of resistance R = 17 Ω across the poles of a generator delivering a constant voltage UPN = 12V. A current I passes then in the circuit. 1)a) Determine the value of the resistance equivalent to the combination of R and r. • Re = R + r ( series grouping ) • Re = 17 + 3 = 20  b) Determine the value of I. Ohm’s Law c) (L) does not function normally. Why? (L) will not function normally because I = 0.6 A < = 1 A 2) To make (L) function normally, we replace (D) by another resistor (D’) of resistance R’. R’ must be smaller than R. Why? According to Ohm’s law I and are inversely proportional For (L) to function normally I should increase Re should decrease  R should decrease  R’ < R

  8. THIRD EXERCISE  The magnifier • The following figure shows: • The lens (L), its optical axis, its object focus F and its image focus F’. • The image A’B’ of object AB given by (L). • A particular incident ray issued from B, in a direction passing through F and meeting the lens at point I. • - An emergent ray KF’ corresponding to a particular ray issued from B.

  9. 1- Characteristics of the image a) What is the nature of A’B’? Why ? A’B’ is virtual since it is on the same side of the object focus w.r.t the lens. b) Determine graphically the size of the image and its distance from the lens O

  10. 2- Construction of the object AB a) Trace on your question sheet: 1. The path of the emergent ray corresponding to the incident ray FI 2. The incident ray corresponding to the emergent ray KF’. b) Construct the object AB The point object B is the intersection of the two incident rays. A is the orthogonal projection of B on the optical axis. B A

  11. 3- Characteristics of the object Determine graphically a) The size of the object AB. b) The distance of the object AB from the lens. O B A

  12. 4- Role of a magnifier The lens L acts, in this case, as a magnifier. Why? The lens acts as a a magnifier . Sinceis virtual, erect, and larger than the object and (L) is converging