Feed Additives

1. Feed Additives ANS 336 Lecture 7 2/02/2001

2. Feed Additives - Defined • As ingredients or combinations of ingredients added to the basic feed mix or parts thereof to fulfill a specific need. • Usually used in micro quantities and requires careful handling and mixing.

3. Feed Additives- Cont’d • Many classified as a drug. • A substance, • Intended for use in the diagnosis, cure mitigation and treatment or prevention of diseases in animals. • Other than food intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of an animal.

4. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine • Regulates use of Feed additives • Clearance for testing of new feed additives requires obtaining an investigational new animal drug (INAD) to test a product. • New animal drug Application( NADA) is required to market a product. • Clearance IS required to use feed additives.

5. FDA • Form 1900 required for human risk drugs. • Category I – safest to use, no withdrawal period required. • Category II – no residues allowed, withdrawal period required.

6. Delaney Clause - 1958 • Congress passed the Delaney Clause in 1958 – Zero Tolerance. • No substance can be used as a feed additive, even in minute amounts, if it has been in any way implicated as an inducer of cancer in either human or beast.

7. Examples of Feed Additives • Antibiotics • Compound produced by microorganisms that inhibits the growth of microorganisms. • Examples of claims that can be listed on label. • Improves performance (rate of gain). • Improves feed efficiency or feed conversion. • Increases growth rate. • Increases milk production.

8. Examples of Feed Additives – cont’d • Arsenicals • Controls parasites • Nitrogurans • Antimicrobial compound that is produced more by a microorganism. • Sulfas • Antimicrobials • Residue problems, usage has been decreased.

9. AdditivesHormone like products • Melengestrol acetate (MGA) • When fed to heifers to suppresses estrus • When fed to regulated estrus cycle. • Implants • Ralgro • Synovex • Somatotropin (rBST) • Increases milk production • Improves fertility ?

10. Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency • In general, Antibiotics are fed to reduce the incidence of Subclinical levels of bacterial infections of the digestive and respiratory tracts - thus credited with improved rate of gain and feed efficiency. Partial list……. • Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin • Lasalocid, Monensin, Penicillin

11. Growth Promoting • Chemotherapeutic • An inorganic or organic compound that inhibits the growth of organisms but is not produced by a living organism. • Arsanilic acid – chicken and swine • Carbadox - swine • Ipronidazole - turkey • Roxarsone – turkey and chicken

12. Medicinal Uses • Coccidiostats • Prevent and treat Coccidiosis – Chickens and Calves. • Monensin - cattle, chickens and turkey • Lasalocid – chickens, sheep turkeys • Amprolium cattle - chickens and turkeys • Histostats • For protozoan disease affecting turkey – High mortality less than 12 weeks of age. • Nitarsone

13. Medicinal Uses – cont’d • Enteritis, Diarrhea, Dysentery • Carbadox – swine • Chlortetracycline – cattle, swine and chickens • Roxarsone – swine • Oxytetracycline – cattle, sheep, swine, chickens • Penicillin – chickens and turkeys • Arsanilic Acid - swine

14. Medicinal Uses – cont’d • Antelmintic (worming) Agents • Fenbendazole (Safe-Guard) – swine and cattle • Invermectrin (Ivomec) – swine cattle • Levamisole hydrochloride(Tramisol) - cattle and swine • Tumatel – cattle • Thiabendazole (TBZ) – cattle, sheep, swine

15. Misc. functions of Feed Additives • Enterotoxemia (overeating) disease in Sheep • Tetracyclines. • Fly control • Methoprene – cattle • Rabon – cattle, horse, sheep and swine • Bloat • Poloxalene

16. Medicinal Uses cont’d • Ketosis • Propylene glycol dairy cattle • Foot rot • Chlortetracycline • Stress • Tetracyclines – cattle, chicken, turkey • Erythromycin - chickens

17. Other Feed Additives • Buffers • Chemical compounds that lessen the decrease in pH caused by volatile fatty acid without causing any major increase in ruminal pH. • pH = negative log10 of the hydrogen [ ], expressed in moles per liter. • Scale where 7 is neutral and anything below is acid and anything above is alkaline.

18. Other Feed Additives cont’d • Buffers cont’d • Sodium bicarbonate • Potassium bicarbonate • Calcium carbonate • Magnesium carbonate • Magnesium oxide • Sodium Bentonite • Lime – Feeding lime

19. Other Feed Additives • Antioxidants – compounds that prevent rancidity of unsaturated fats. • Ethoxyquin • Vitamin E • Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) • Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) • Chemical Preservatives • Ascorbic acid • Sodium nitrate • Sorbic acid • Citric Acid • Sodium nitrate

20. Other Feed Additives • Pellet binding Agents • Bentonite (calcium or sodium) • Ball clay • Lignin sulfonate • Hemicellulose extract • Molasses

21. Other Feed Additives • Probiotics • Consist of specific microbial cultures or ingredients or both that stimulate cultures capable of modifying the gastrointestinal environment to favor healthy tissue development. • Lactobacillus • Streptococcus • Fungi (yeast and molds) • Aspergillus • Bacillus

22. Other Feed Additives • Probiotics (reasons for use) • Increase or balance the beneficial intestinal bacteria • Reduce toxic by products of digestion • Reduce intestinal pH • Improve appetite • Alleviate symptoms of STRESS • Used in Foals, dairy calves/lactating dairy cows,growing/adult horse, incoming feedlot cattle, sick pens newborn beef calves newborn pigs and various pets.

23. Other Feed Additives – Hormone like Products • Melengestrol Acetate (MGA) • Synthesised steroid that is closely related structurally to progesterone (P4) • Not effective in pregnant or spayed heifers or in steers. • Growth stimulation (6-8%) claimed • Improved feed efficiency (5-7%) claimed • Suppression of estrus and elevated estrogen – stimulates release of growth hormone.

24. Other Feed Additives - Implants • Implant is a substance implanted into the animal body and designed for slow but constant release for growth promotion, improved feed efficiency or control of a physiological function. • Ralgro – improve gain beef and sheep (8 –12 %) claimed. Effective 70 – 110 days. • Increases secretion of growth hormone promotes skeletal growth without deposition of fat. • Synovex (Implus-S,H,C) Estrodiol benzoate, progesterone, testosterone, • Not for veal calves or animals raised for breeding purposes

25. Other Feed Additives • Compudose – drug impregnated silicone rubber implant • Improves rate of gain 15-20 % claimed. • Finaplix (S and H) - implanted pellet • Synthetic androgens • 5-10 % improved gain • Revelor - implant pellet

26. Other Feed Additives • Bovine Somatotropin (BST) • POSILAC commercial recombinant rBST (FDA approved Feb 1994). • 500 mg or 36mg/cow/day • Cannot be administered orally • Subcutaneous injection of rBST every 14 days starting day 63 postpartum. • Average increases of 8 to 10 lbs per day • Delayed dry matter intake • Require the same nutritional needs as nonsupplemented cows.

27. Summary • Feed additives must be used according to label. • Stiff fines for non compliance. • For best results use as directed. • Protect your market and livelihood.