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OBJECTIVE 9

OBJECTIVE 9. Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom classification systems Sequencing taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive in the classification of living things Identifying organisms using a dichotomous key

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OBJECTIVE 9

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  1. OBJECTIVE 9 • Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom classification systems • Sequencing taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive in the classification of living things • Identifying organisms using a dichotomous key • Identifying ways in which organisms from the Monera, Protista, and Fungi Kingdoms are beneficial and harmful • Justifying the grouping of viruses in a category separate from living things • Writing scientific names accurately by using binomial nomenclature

  2. Taxonomy • Classifying – grouping according to shared characteristics • Taxonomy – the science of naming and classifying organisms

  3. Binomial Nomenclature • Binomial nomenclature – two-word system for naming organisms; developed by Carl Linnaeus • Scientific name – the unique two-part name for a species • 1st part – genus (capitalized) • 2nd part – species (lowercase) • Underlined or italicized • Example: Quercusrubraor Quercusrubra Common name: Red Oak • Two organisms CAN NOT have the same scientific name

  4. Classifying Organisms • Eight levels of classification (most inclusive to least inclusive) • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species – a group of organisms that can reproduce to make live, fertile offspring

  5. Three domains • Archaea – contain a single kingdom of prokaryotes • Bacteria – contain a single kingdom of prokaryotes • Eukarya – contains all 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

  6. Classification of the Honeybee • Domain: Eukarya • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Class: Insecta • Order: Hymenoptera • Family: Apidae • Genus: Apis • Species: mellifera

  7. Dichotomus Key • Uses a series of questions with 2 answer choices to identify an organism by its traits

  8. Kingdom Classification Systems

  9. Six-Kingdom Classification System • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  10. Five-Kingdom Classification System • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were once grouped in the kingdom Monera, which contained all prokaryotes. • RNA and DNA sequencing led biologists to divide the monerans into two distinct kingdoms.

  11. Kingdom Monera (Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) • Eubacteria • Prokaryotes • Cell wall • Circular DNA • Habitat: everywhere (mouth, skin, environment, etc.) • Harmful: some cause disease • Helpful: some used to process foods, control agricultural pests, to produce various chemicals, and to perform genetic engineering • Some are autotrophs (producers )– get energy from photosynthesis or chemosynthesis • Some are heterotrophs (can not make their own food) – decomposers that are responsible for recycling carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

  12. Kingdom Monera (Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) • Archaebacteria • Prokaryotes • Cell wall and membrane • Circular DNA • Methanogens – live in the mud of swamps; poisoned by traces of oxygen • Extremophiles – live in extreme environments (hot places, salty lakes, very acidic environments, or under enormous pressure) • NonextremeArchaebacteria • Live in all the same environments as Eubacteria

  13. Kingdom Monera Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

  14. Kingdom Protista

  15. Kingdom Protista • Most diverse kingdom • Only common characteristic: eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals • Many unicellular (all single-celled eukaryotes except yeast) • Most reproduce asexually • Some autotrophs; some heterotrophs • Many move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods • Most ecologically important protists: algae that live in the ocean and form the base of many food chains • Examples: amoebas, diatoms, algae, slime molds, water molds, sporozoans • Helpful: base of many food chains • Harmful: some are parasitic and responsible for many diseases including malaria

  16. Kingdom Fungi • Most multicellular • One group (yeasts) are unicellular • Cell walls • Reproduce asexually and sexually • Heterotrophs – secrete digestive enzymes onto whatever they grow on • Helpful: break down dead organisms • Harmful: many are parasites that cause diseases that affect plants and animals • Examples: bread mold, mushrooms

  17. Kingdom Fungi

  18. Viruses • Pathogens – cause diseases • Not living – do not have all the properties of life

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