Continuiong and Distance Education Introductory Psychology 1023 Lecture 3: Motivation and Emotion

1. Continuiong and Distance EducationIntroductory Psychology 1023Lecture 3: Motivation and Emotion Reading: Chapter 11

2. Motivation • “To move” • Any process that causes us to move towards a goal or away from an unpleasant situation • Basic biological goals, such as thirst or hunger • View was based on drive reduction models in which “energy” built up (like water in pail), then was released (like water dumping out of pail), motivation reflected amount of water in pail • More abstract psychological goals, such as acceptance, power, success

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Need for self actualization Progression if lower needs are satisfied, regression if they are not Esteem needs Belonginess and love Safety and security needs Physiological needs Student in a crisis: Are you alive? Are you safe? Do you have some friends to talk to? Are you feeling okay? Have you learned anything from the crisis?

4. Motivation Needs and Opportunity • You may have a high need for achievement • Reflected in work, education • Do you have the skills to achieve? • Do you have the opportunity to achieve? • If not, motivation can decrease, frustration can arise • If you do, success becomes reinforcing, satisfaction in achievements results • Intrinsic motivation: Self-motivated

5. Emotion has survival function e.g., anger and fear in the “face” of danger Ekman’s neuro-cultural theory Seven universal facial expressions Two factors involved—Face muscle physiology and cultural variations Masking emotions The Face of Emotion

7. Primary Emotions • Primary emotions are common to all cultures • Fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust • Evidence • Hard-wired, related to survival • Universal facial expressions • Common to all languages • Common elicitors across culture, e.g., burning building threat elicits fear, pie in face is funny, bad smells such as ammonia elicits disgust

8. Which of these are sad, scared, happy, disgusted, surprised, and angry?

9. Does the Body Lie? • Physiological measurement has been used to detect lies • BP, HR, Skin conductance, respiration rate are assessed to a baseline of innocuous questions • Significant questions slipped in: Do physiological changes result? • Why? It takes energy to inhibit responses and lie.

10. Does the face lie? Is this person modeling genuine warmth or concealed irritation?

11. Emotional experience • What comes first, cognition or emotion? • Has anyone here told ghost stories in an old house? What happens? • You can be “afraid” in a big empty house, and then begin thinking about frightening things happening: Emotion causes cognition • Someone can tell you stories in a big empty house and you end up afraid: Cognition causes emotion • Do you show fear in your facial expression? Do you eye an escape route? How do you control your fear?

12. What is the adaptive function of fear? How is it displayed?

13. Secondary emotions are influenced by culture • Guilt and shame • Culture gives us language for emotions • There are norms in how emotionally expressive people are within a culture • Display rules: Non-verbal signals of emotion • E.g.: What does it mean to extend first and last fingers of hand and wave in the air? • Body language, using hands to talk, what emotions do they indicate?