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Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron for Groundwater Remediation.

Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron for Groundwater Remediation. Christian Macé – cmace@Golder.com INTERSOL 2007 29 Mars 2007, Paris. Iron Nanoparticles. Chemically precipitated (bottom up) or Mechanically grinded (top down) Ideal size 50-100 nm

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Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron for Groundwater Remediation.

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  1. Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron for Groundwater Remediation. Christian Macé – cmace@Golder.com INTERSOL 2007 29 Mars 2007, Paris

  2. Iron Nanoparticles • Chemically precipitated (bottom up) or Mechanically grinded (top down) • Ideal size 50-100 nm • More reactive than microscale particles as smaller (larger exchange surface) • Reactivity can be enhanced by adding a coating of noble metal (BNP-Bimetallic Nanoscale Particles) • Aqueous slurry from production to injection

  3. Size Comparison

  4. History • 1995, Dr. Zhang starts to publish about nanoparticles • 1999, First publication by Dr Zhang about successful VOCs and PCBs reduction by using NZVI • 2003, Golder publication on first NZVI test in fractured bedrock context • 2004, National Nanotechnology Initiative, federal US R&D program. First USEPA ROD for NZVI use at a superfund site • 2005, EPA workshop on Nanotechnology and environment. Technology used by Golder in US, Canada, Europe, and Australia. • 2006, over 20 pilot tests done. Large research effort in the US to develop the technology • 2007, full scale treatments on-going

  5. Intellectual Property • Waterloo patent (1993): Applicable to any iron body placed in the ground by any mean (PRB, reactive zone, etc.). EnviroMetal Inc (Adventus) exclusive license. • NASA (2003): EZVI = Emulsified Zero Valent Iron. Colloidal iron in oil emulsion (DNAPL) • Zhang (2005): Production and use of NZVI for groundwater remediation. International Long Term (10y) IP agreement signed between Golder and Lehigh University.

  6. Theoretical action • Beta-elimination (TCE->Acetylene) • Hydrogenolysis (TCE->DCE->CV->Ethene) Fe2+ Partial reaction Fe0 Fe2+ _+ 2e- C2HCl3 + 2e- + H+  C2HCl2 + Cl- Complete reaction (TCE to Ethene) 3Fe0 + C2HCl3 + 3H+ 3Fe2+ + C2H4 + 3Cl- RCl + H+ e- RH + Cl- Fe Surface

  7. Me n+ Me Fe(0) Fe(0) Potential use • Dechlorination: • Chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE) • PCBs - PCP- Pesticides • Dioxins • Adsorption/precipitation • Metals (Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Cr) • Arsenic • pH stabilization (acid mine drainage) • Surface water treatment – adsorption of viruses, bacteria and metals, treatment of nitrates, sulfates, and organics.

  8. Injection setup NC, USA 2003

  9. Injection setup Ontario, Canada 2004

  10. Injection setup Czech Rep. 2005

  11. Injection setup NJ, USA 2005

  12. Injection setup Italy 2005 Parametric sensors Data logger Trench for cables Injection System

  13. Injection setup Germany 2006

  14. Injection setup FL, USA 2006

  15. Injection setup NY, USA 2007

  16. Injection setup OH, USA 2007

  17. Results

  18. Results

  19. Interpretation

  20. Challenges • Socio-technological context (No Asbestos or GMO-like mistake) • Optimize and control the spread of particles into the aquifer • Flux and migration of injected particles measurement • Particles quality optimization

  21. Particles spread • Difficult in low permeability porous media

  22. Particles spread • Numerous Colum tests done in 2006 : identification of a food-grade additive for injection in porous media

  23. Particle quality optimization • Source selection • Project-specific design in function of reactivity needed and type of contaminant(s) to treat • Constant research effort • numerous reactivity test done on CrVI and VOCs

  24. Interpretation • Over 90 % reduction of contaminants is possible in field conditions • Results depend on particles reactivity and proper injection setup • Additive mandatory in porous media • No buildup of degradation products despite strong biodegradation enhancement Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis – DGGE Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR

  25. Advantages

  26. Advantages

  27. Ecological integrity Sustainability Social equity Economic growth Sustainable development • Highly cost-effective • Low risk • Environment-friendly Suits sustainability approach.

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