Deviance

2. Deviance

3. What is the first thing that comes to mindwhen you hear, “deviance” or “deviants”? How do you define deviant behavior? Deviance

4. Sociological Definition: Deviance • Behavior, • belief, or • condition • that violates social norms

5. Not just a personal characteristic Reflects social order and social conflict Power Of deviants to engage in non-normative behaviors undetected; Of some groupsto create rules and labels for others Nothing inherently deviant Always social comparison Diversity often labeled deviance Sociological View of Deviance

6. Describe an instance when you (or someone you know) was defined as “deviant”. What norm(s) had been violated? What were the consequences? Who was the “enforcer”? What gave the “enforcer” the right (or power) to define you or someone you know as deviant? Deviance

7. “Violation of a norm that has been codified into law.” Crime Rates vs Crime Statistics Reporting Issues To Police To FBI By Type of Crime By nature of offender and victim Location Blaming the Victim Distribution of Deviance: Crime

8. OFFENSES: 1. Homicide 2. Forcible Rape 3. Robbery 4. Aggravated Assault 5. Burglary 6. Larceny-Theft 7. Motor Vehicle Theft 8. Arson UCR HOME PAGE IS FOUND AT: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS’ CRIME INDEX

10. Property Crimes

20. Organized Crime • Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses. • Power structure • Complex division of labor • Violence or the threat of violence • Restricted membership • Illegal enterprises http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/glossary

21. Organized Crime • Long-standing history in U.S. (Prior to 20th century) • Flourished around time of Prohibition • Most profitable activities: • Gambling • Loan sharking • Narcotics trafficking • Extortion (paying for “protection”) • Prostitution • Bootlegging

22. White Collar Crime • Idea of white-collar crime first introduced by Edwin H. Sutherland during his presidential address at American Sociological Society Meeting in 1939. • Concerned with criminological community’s preoccupation with the low status offender and “street crimes”

23. White Collar Crime • The relative inattention given to offenses perpetrated by people in higher status occupations • Sutherland stated that white-collar crime“may be defined approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation”.

24. Examples of White Collar Crime • Embezzlement (Take money for one's own use in violation of a trust) • Bribery • Environmental law violations • Price fixing • Identity theft • Computer fraud 10 White Collar Crime Cases That Made Headlines http://www.criminaljusticeusa.com/blog/2011/10-white-collar-crime-cases-that-made-headlines/

25. Laws that make drug use “deviance” symbolize the moral superiority of members of the dominant culture Deviance: Drugs and Drug Use

26. Tobacco Smoker as “deviant” Caffeine Coffee as a symbol in American culture Alcohol Social and economic forces encourage drinking Alcohol’s damage The medicalization of alcoholism The Social (Legal) Drugs

27. Preventable Causes of Death Toxic agents: Pesticides, cyanide, radiation, snake venom Microbial agents: Bacteria, viruses, such as anthrax, Ebola, cholera

28. Is deviance always criminal or bad? • Basic forms of rule-breaking behavior: • 1. “Good” or “Admired” behavior • Heroism –saving another person’s life, while putting your life in great danger • 2. “Odd” behavior • Outlandish or inappropriate modes of dress • Mildly eccentric behavior (shares house with 50 cats) to outright madness (shares house with 50 dead cats)

29. “Everyday Deviances” are occasional slip-ups which temporarily mark us as awkward. Efforts to avoid everyday deviances: 1. Control of Space (social distance) 2. Control of Props (spilling drink) 3. Control of Bodies (tripping, falling down) 10/23 Deviance in Everyday Interactions

30. Appearance & Gender– What kinds of sanctions are applied when people don’t dress consistent with their sex? Appearance & Age– What expectations (in terms of appearance) do we have of someone based upon his/her age? Everyday Deviance- Style

31. Everyday Deviance - Sports Sports & Deviance • Deviant conduct on field of play • Deviant conduct off the field • Manipulation of the outcome of games (e.g., gambling)

32. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild Feeling rules How we ought to feel in given situations Emotion work Attempts to change, in degree or quality, an emotion or feeling EverydayDeviance - Emotions

33. Why do people follow the rules most of the time? • Social Control • Societal attempts to regulate people’s thoughts & behavior:Three types • Personal Control • Informal Social Control • Formal Social Control Criminal Justice System • Formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to violations of the law

34. Common Institutions Of Social Control Institutions Religion Business Political State Family

35. Historical non social-scientific explanations Patterns of Bumps on head “The Devil made me do it” Mental issues Bad Seed Explanations of Deviance

36. Sociological Explanations • Functionalist: Helps maintain social stability • Deviance provides examples of what must be avoided • Some deviance can lead to positive social change

37. Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance • Society causes deviance by placing pressure on individuals to conform. • 5 forms of adaptation to cultural expectations • 1. Conformist • 2. Innovator • 3. Ritualist • 4. Retreatist • 5. Rebel

38. 1. CONFORMIST SOCIALLLY APPROVED GOAL: Making $$$ SOCIALLY APPROVED MEANS: Gets a collegeeducation Works Hard

39. 2. INNOVATOR SOCIALLLY APPROVED GOAL: Making $$$ NOT SOCIALLY APPROVED MEANS: Sells illegal drugs White collar crime Joins the mafia

40. 3. RITUALIST SOCIALLLY APPROVED GOAL: Making $$$ Fails to Achieve Socially Approved Goal: Keeps working hard anyway

41. 4. RETREATIST SOCIALLLY APPROVED GOAL: Making $$$ Reject Goal and the Means: Works in supermarket & lives with parents

42. 5. REBEL SEEKS NEW GOAL: Adventure Promoting equality NEW MEANS Works for political change Starts a revolution Starts a cult

43. Symbolic Interactionist or Labeling Theory • Howard Becker's approach to the labeling of deviance, as described in Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), views deviance as the creation of social groups and not the quality of some act or behavior.

44. Conflict Theory: Power and Inequality View • Links deviance to social inequality • Who or what is labeled deviant depends on people who hold power in society • Example: • Criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful • Protects their interests • Define deviance to suit their needs

45. Power and Inequality View • People labeled deviant are typically those who share the trait of powerlessness • Three social-conflict explanations: 1. Norms & especially laws of society generally reflect the interests of the rich & powerful 2. Even if their behavior is questioned, the powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels 3. The widespread belief that norms & laws are natural & good hides their political (power) character