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1450-1750

1450-1750. Early Modern Period. Major Points. 1. Shift in power to the West 2. World becomes smaller 3. New Empires 4. Age of Gunpowder. End of Post-Classical…. 1. Independent societies (Aztecs, Incas) falling apart 2. Arab power declining 3. New invasions – Mongols

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1450-1750

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  1. 1450-1750 Early Modern Period

  2. Major Points 1. Shift in power to the West 2. World becomes smaller 3. New Empires 4. Age of Gunpowder

  3. End of Post-Classical… 1. Independent societies (Aztecs, Incas) falling apart 2. Arab power declining 3. New invasions – Mongols 4. Ottoman Empire gains power 5. Chinese flirt with trade, but Ming bureaucrats pull back 6. Europe enters age of exploration

  4. What’s Happening in the West 1. Unusual agricultural civilization 2. New view of family – nuclear 3. Return to rational thought 4. Stable political structures 5. Religious reformers

  5. The Global Economy 1. By 1750, almost everyone knows everyone 2. Food exchange 3. Unequal relationships 4. Slaves and serfs 5. Diseases

  6. Themes of this Unit 1. Declining emphasis of nomads 2. Direct relationships – ambassadors replace intermediaries (Nomads) 3. Gender relations remain patriarchal 4. Labor relations change 5. A few commercial leaders get rich 6. Environmental changes 7. Native vegetation 8. Centralization of governments 9. Nation-states began to emerge

  7. Larger Trends 1. Americas overwhelmed by outsiders 2. Three trends a. Western expansion b. Globalization of trade c. Gunpowder 3. Reactions a. Embrace by choice b. Embrace by force c. Choose to remain independent, involve in trade on own terms

  8. Why 1450? a. End of the Middle Ages b. Beginning of the Northern Renaissance – away from Italian city-states c. English evicted from France d. Unified France began to exercise its power e. Globalization of trade begins f. Direct contact between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa/Americas g. End of the Byzantine Empire h. Ottoman Turks rise to power

  9. Why 1750? • Europe on the cusp of the Industrial Revolution • Shift in the global balance of power • Self-imposed isolation about to end • Colonization about to shift to imperialism • New world order

  10. What to Know? • Examples of What You Need to Know for M/C • Neoconfucianism, but not specific Neoconfucianists • Importance of European exploration, but not individual explorers • Characteristics of European absolutism, but not specific rulers • Reformation, but not Anabaptism or Huguenots • Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, but not the Safavid Empire • Siege of Vienna (1688–89), but not the Thirty Years' War • Slave plantation systems, but not Jamaica's specific slave system • Institution of the harem, but not Harem Sultan

  11. Essay Topics • Compare colonial administrations • Imperial systems: European monarchy compared with a land-based Asian empire • Coercive labor systems: slavery and other coercive labor systems in the Americas • Analyze the development of empire (i.e. general empire building in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas • Analyze the development of imperial systems: a European seaborne empire compared with a land-based Asian empire. • Compare Russia's interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West • Compare Mesoamerican and Andean systems of economic exchange

  12. Topics for Review • Changes in Trade • Changes in Technology • Global Interactions • Role of Gender • Slaves & Coercive Labor systems • Demographic shifts • Cultural & Intellectual Developments • Major Empires • Europe, Ottomans, China (Ming & Qing), Spain & Port., Russia (Peter & Catherine), France, England, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India, African kingdoms (Kongo, Songhai)

  13. Causes Early: Iberian Late: Northern Colonization Patterns of world trade Regions outside the new trade patterns Commercial Revolution Changes in Trade: European Exploration

  14. Changes in Technology • Navigational tecnology • Rudder • Lateen sails • Astrolabe • Compass • caravels

  15. Global Interactions • Colonization of the Americas (north vs. south) • Columbian Exchange • Triangular Trade

  16. Role of Gender • Remains patriarchal • Marriage primarily an eco. arrangement • Europe: limited access for small #s of women • Generalizations • China: Influence of Confucianism • Middle East: culture defines roles

  17. Slave systems in the Americas African slave trade Effects on Africa Slaves & Coercive Labor systems Negra_vendendo_caju_-_Jean_Baptiste_Debret_1827.jpg

  18. Demographic shifts • Diseases • Animals • New Crops • Comparative Population Trends

  19. Renaissance/Reformations/Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Cultural & Intellectual Developments

  20. Major Empires: Europe 1. Most monarchies a. divine right ordained by God 2. Retain pure bloodlines to God a. intermarriage among royal families of different nations common b. monarchies of one nation gained international influence i. ties of marriage/inheritance led to alliances 3. Strong national loyalties a. Led to internal/external conflicts i. religious fights between Protestants and Catholics ii. internal civil wars between monarch and nobles iii. battles stemming from trade disputes between rival nations 4. Spain/Portugal start off strong – England/France replace

  21. The Ottoman

  22. Ming & Qing China

  23. Tokugawa Japan

  24. Russia

  25. Mughal India

  26. African Kingdoms

  27. Conclusion • After 1400, a new world balance was being created. The Mongol conquest caused the decline of Arab strength and opened opportunities for new participants in the Islamic trade system. At first, the Ming dynasty of China appeared poised to take over the lead in world trade. When the Ming withdrew from international leadership, the nations of western Europe began to assert themselves. The emergence of western Europe was signaled by internal changes that prepared the way for leadership. Changes outside the Eurasian network in Africa, the Americas, and Polynesia also affected the nature of international relationships. • After 1750, the West underwent a series of dramatic transformations in politics, intellectual development, and industrialization. The latter revolution altered basic social and cultural patterns, enhanced Europe's position in the world, saw the rise of new powers, and found European culture exported to settler colonies such as the United States and Australia.. http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wc_4/17/4398/1126072.cw/index.html

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