1450- 1750 Review

1. 1450- 1750 Review

2. REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT AND EXPRESSION

3. Revolutions to Thought and Expression • Crusades opened Christians to Islamic civilizations and trade • Europeans exposed to new developments and history • Leads to four main movements: the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

4. The Renaissance (Rebirth)

5. Humanism • Medieval Europe- thoughts of salvation and afterlife; earth to be suffered through on the way to heaven • Humanism- person accomplishment and personal happiness. Participation on the “here and now” • Fascination with Greek and Roman concepts of beauty and citizenship • Shift focus to life on Earth and celebration of human achievements

6. Art • The Medici Family: turned Italy into a showcase of architecture and beauty • Michelangelo-painter; Sistine Chapel • Brunelleschi- The dome of the Florence Cathederal • Leonardo da Vinci-painter/ sculptor • Donatello-painter/ sculptor • Van Eyck brothers-Dutch artists • Albrecht Durer- German painter

7. New Techniques • Application of humanistic ideas • Use of light and shadow made figures appear full and real • Autopsies to understand the structure of the human body • Linear perspective • Developed by Tommaso Masaccio and Fillipo Brunelleschi • Gives art three-dimensional quality • Architects get Greek and Roman influence to build domes on cathedrals

8. Art Medieval Times Renaissance Used realism to make humans look softer Religious and secular Commissioned by religious and secular leaders Seen in cathedrals, plazas, and public homes Very worldly • Humans flat, stiff, and out of proportion • Almost entirely religious • Mostly in cathedrals • Did not try to be “worldly”

9. Western Writers • [1400s] Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press • Books easy to produce • More affordable • Written in different vernaculars (native languages) • More literate and educated people

10. Books! • Most were practical or political • Machiavelli [1517 C.E.] The Prince • Erasmus [late 1500s] In Praise of Folly • Sir Thomas More [late 1500s] Utopia • William Shakespeare [late 1500s] Venus and Adonis, Julius Caesar, etc

11. Protestant Reformation • Catholic church was a unifying force and intermediary between man and God • Finance projects funded by indulgences • Paper faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory • Church maintained power over masses • Angered people; seen as corrupt

12. Martin Luther • [1517] 95 Theses • Frustrations with church practices • Church services should be conducted in local languages (not Latin) • Translated the Bible into German • Believed salvation given by God through grace, not the authorization of the church • Believed the Bible taught self salvation (no need for pope) • Pope Leo X outraged and excommunicated Luther • Followers- Lutherans

13. John Calvin • Calvinism • Predestination- God predetermined ultimate destiny for all people • Those saved known as “Elect” • [1530s]Protestant theocracy in Geneva in Switzerland

14. King Henry VIII • Church of England (Anglican Church) • King did not have authority of pope to annul marriage of Catherine of Aragon • King Henry VIII declared himself head of religious affairs in England • [1534] Act of Supremacy

15. The Counter-Reformation • Catholic Reformation [16th Century] • Led by Spain • Banned the sale of indulgences, consulted more frequently with bishops, trained priests to live the Catholic life, weekly mass mandatory • Regained some lost credibility • “Clarifying the Catholic Church’s position”

16. The Jesuits • Ignatius Loyola • Restoring faith in teachings of Jesus interpreted by the Catholic Church • Self control and moderation • Prayer + good works = salvation • Oratorical and political skills; many appointed by kings to high palace positions

17. The Council of Trent • [1545-1563] • Dictated and defined Catholic interpretation of doctrine • Re-established Latin as language used in worship

18. The Scientific Revolution • Nicolaus Copernicus [1543] On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere • Earth and other celestial bodies revolve around sun: “Heliocentric” • Earth rotates on axis • Galileo [1632] Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World • Showed how Earth revolved on axis and stars distance • Put on trial before Inquisition in Rome • Book put on “The Index”, a list of banned works

19. The Scientific Method • Replaced scholastic method based off of “reasoning” • One had to prove an idea, document it, repeat it, and publish it • Tycho Brahe [1546-1601] built observatory • Francis Bacon [1561-1626] • Johannes Kepler [1571-1630] laws of planetary motion • Sir Isaac Newton [1642-1727] Law of gravity

20. Scientific Revolution • Scientific inquires conducted with practical goals in mind • Produced a larger number of people rejected church’s rigid pronouncements that conflicted with scientific findings • Atheists: No God exists • Deists: God exists, but plays passive role. “God as watchmaker”

21. The Enlightenment • Focused on mankind in relation to government • Social contract: governments formed to meet social and economic needs of people

22. Enlightenment Thinkers • Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679] Leviathan • people greedy and prone to violence; government should preserve peace and stability “at all costs” • John Locke [1632-1704] Two Treatises on Government • Man had unalienable rights (life, liberty, and property), up to government to secure and grant them; people were justified in replacing government if these rights weren’t met • Jean Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778] • All men equal; majority rule; essence of freedom to obey laws that people prescribe for themselves

23. Enlightenment Writers • Voltaire • Religious toleration • Montesquieu • Separation of powers among branches of government

24. Enlightened Monarchs • Ruled absolutely but made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase opportunities for serfs, take on responsibility of rule • Joseph II of Austria • Frederick II of Prussia

25. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION: EMPIRES OF THE WIND

26. Portuguese Exploration • Cut out the Muslim middlemen • Advances in ship-building, navigation, and gunpowder allowed for increased sea travel

27. Portuguese Success • Royal family supported exploration • [1488] Bartholomew Dias rounded tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) • [1497] Vasco de Gama rounded Cape of Good Hope, east African kingdoms, and established trade relations in India

28. Spain vs Portugal • [1492] Christopher Columbus went west and found the Americas • [1494] Portugal and Spain fighting over Americas • Treaty of Tordesillas

29. Explorers • Amerigo Vespucci [1500s]- many explorations of South America; America named after him • Ponce de Leon [1513]- explored Florida for Spain to find fountain of youth • Vasco de Balboa [1513]- laid sight on Pacific Ocean • Ferdinand Magellan [1519]- crew circumnavigated the globe

30. More Explorers • Giovanni daVerrazzano [1524]- explored North American coast for France • Sir Francis Drake [1578] first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe • John Cabot [1597] explored coast of North America for England • Henry Hudson [1609] sailed for Dutch looking for Northwest Passage; made claims around Hudson River

31. Technology that made Exploration Possible • The Sternpost Rudder- better navigation and control of ships • Lateen Sails- sails allowed ships to sail in any direction, regardless of wind • The Astrolabe- measured distance of sun and stars to determine latitude • The Magnetic Compass- determine direction • Three-Masted Caravels- large ships could hold provisions for longer journeys

32. Cortes and the Aztecs • [1519] Hernan Cortes landed on coast of Mexico with 600 men • Hooked up with neighboring people of Aztecs who were willing to help Cortes defeat Aztecs • Montezuma (Aztec Ruler) thought Cortes was a god & brought Cortes gold • Spaniards seized Montezuma and began siege of Tenochtitlan • Control by [1525]

33. Francisco Pizarro • Went for Incan Empire in [1531] • 200 men with him • Disease + Weapons = success • Control of Inca in [1535]

34. Disease • Weapon of mass destruction • Smallpox • Infections new to Americas, no natural resistance to them

35. The Ecomienda System • Peninsulares- Spanish officials to govern the colonies Crillos or Creoles- People born in the colonies to Spanish parents Mestizos- European and Native ancestry Mulattos- European and African Native Americans- little or no freedom

36. The Ecomienda System • Viceroys provided peninsulares with land and number of native laborers • Peninsulares protect natives and convert them to Christianity • Reform needed: switch to African slavery

37. The African Slave Trade • Europeans traded guns and goods to African leaders in exchange for slaves • [mid 15th century] Portuguese captured Africans • Demand increased; Europeans kidnapped Africans or pitted groups against each other to control weapons trade

38. The Middle Passage • Middle Passage: sea route from Africa to the Americas • Approx. 13 million Africans took journey • 60% to South America • 35% to Caribbean • 5% to North America • Death rates ~20% on Middle Passage

39. The Columbian Exchange • Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas among Europe, the Americas and Africa • Two key products: sugar and silver

40. The Commercial Revolution • Joint- Stock Company- organization created to pool the resources of merchants, distributing the costs and risks and reducing danger for individual investors • Monopolies • The Muscovy Company of England: trade routes to Russia • The Dutch East India Company: trade routes to the spice islands • Mercantilism- country tried not to import more than it exported

41. Asian Trade • Portuguese set up trading post in Goa (west coast of India) and Spice Islands • Dutch formed Dutch East India Company and had raids on Portuguese ships and trading posts. • 1600s, Dutch became biggest power in spice trades • England and France: trading posts in India • China and Japan limited trade with Europeans

42. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

43. Spain • [1469] King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella get Spanish authority under one house • Supported exploration • Survival and expansion of the Spanish language and culture • Built naval fleet

44. Portuguese • Domination of costal Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Spice Islands • Limited manpower; could not control colonies • Lost colonies to Dutch and British • Faster ships, heavier guns

45. Charles V • [1519] Charles elected Holy Roman Emperor • Held land in France, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany, plus Spain • Fought for control of Italy and Ottoman Turks for control of eastern Europe • Led to expansion of Ottoman rule • Defended Catholicism against Protestantism • [1556] gave control of Austria and Holy Roman Empire to brother, Ferdinand I • Gave control of Spain, Sicily, the Netherlands to son, Philip II

46. Philip II • Spanish expansion in New World • Continuation of Spanish Inquisition • Led to Catholic Reformation against Protestants • Increase in missionary work in New World • [1581] Dutch (mostly Protestant) revolted and gained independence from Spain

47. ENGLAND

48. England: the Elizabethan Age • King Henry VIII’s daughter, Elizabeth I “Golden Age” • [1558-1603] commercial expansion, exploration, and colonization • Muscovy Company & British East India Company, Drake, first English colonists in Roanoke colony, Shakespeare

49. James I • Elizabeth dies; [1607] James I comes to power • Attempted to institute reforms for Catholics and Puritans • Puritans did not want to accept James I as divine right • Cross the Atlantic… Pilgrims to Plymouth colony

50. Charles I • Son of James I; rose to power in [1625] • Petition of Right: document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment • Charles ignored petition after securing funds he needed; ruled without calling another meeting of parliament for 11 years.