1 / 86

Learning

Learning. Define Learning. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. Classical Conditioning. In classical conditioning , we learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events.

duff
Télécharger la présentation

Learning

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Learning

  2. Define Learning • Learningis a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

  3. Classical Conditioning • In classical conditioning, we learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events.

  4. For example, we learn that a flash of lightening signals an impending crack of thunder, so we start to brace ourselves when lightening flashes nearby.

  5. Operant Conditioning • In operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response and its consequence. Typically we repeat acts followed by rewards and avoid acts followed by punishment.

  6. For example, we learn that when we get good grades, we get money, so we continue to get good grades. Or, if we don’t get good grades, we lose privileges. To avoid losing privileges, we get good grades.

  7. Social/Vicarious/Observational Learning • In social learning (or observational learning), we learn from other’s experiences and examples.

  8. For example, chimpanzees sometimes learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them. If one animal watches another learn to solve a puzzle that gains a food reward, the observing animal may perform the trick as well.

  9. Classical Conditioning

  10. Classical Conditioning – The Office

  11. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov - Russian; Medical doctor who spent two decades studying the digestive system. Nobel Prize in 1904. Studied learning for the next three decades, by “accident”.

  12. Classical Conditioning • After studying salivary secretion in dogs, he knew that when he put food in a dog’s mouth the animal would invariably salivate. He also began to notice that when he worked with the same dog repeatedly, the dog began salivating to stimuli associated with food – the sight of food, the food dish, the mere presence of the person bringing the food, even the sound of oncoming footsteps in anticipation of the food

  13. Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s Experiment: • Through experimentation, Pavlov asked: If a neutral stimulus (something the dog could see or hear) regularly signaled the arrival of food, would the dog associate the two stimuli (the food and the neutral stimuli)? If so, would the dog begin to salivate to the neutral stimulus in anticipation of the food?

  14. From Pavlov’s research: Zimbardo and Pavlov’s Experiment Pavlov’s Experiment

  15. Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus • A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

  16. Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Response • The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

  17. Classical Conditioning • For example: • For Pavlov, the UCS was food and the UCR was the dog’s salivation

  18. Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s Experiment (continued): • Just before placing food in the dog’s mouth to produce salivation, Pavlov sounded a tone. After several pairings of tone and food, the dog began to salivate to the tone alone, in anticipation of the food.

  19. Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Stimulus • An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with and unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

  20. Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Response • The learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

  21. Classical Conditioning • For example: • For Pavlov, the previously neutral stimulus was the tone. During conditioning, the tone was paired with the food (UCS). After conditioning, the tone, when presented alone, produced salivation in the dog. The tone is now considered the CS, and the dog’s salivation to the tone alone is now considered the CR.

  22. 1. While George was having a cavity filled by his dentist, the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by anesthetic, a couple of times. Each time he cringed in pain. George now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist. • What is the: • Unconditioned stimulus: ____________________ • Unconditioned response: ____________________ • Conditioned stimulus: ____________________ • Conditioned response: ____________________

  23. 2. Every time a psychology instructor enters the classroom, she goes straight to the board to write an outline on it. Unfortunately, she has long finger nails and each time she writes the outline, her nails screech on the board, making students cringe. After a few weeks of this, students cringe at the sight of the teacher entering the classroom.

  24. 3. Fanny eats fried chicken that has e coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night. Luckily she recovers within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of fried chicken makes her nauseous.

  25. 4. At a football game, every time the home team scores a touchdown, the person behind you blasts an air horn near your ears causing you to wince. Unfortunately for you, the home team scores frequently. As the end of the game nears, the home team scores a touchdown, and even though the inconsiderate fan behind you has left, you still wince.

  26. 5. LaToya’s husband puts on Polo cologne every time they’re going to be sexually intimate. Now when LaToya is walking through the mall and passes a store selling Polo cologne, she becomes sexually aroused.

  27. 6. Charlie has been humiliated in the past for doing poorly on tests. When that has happened, he would get so upset he would shake. Now when presented with a test, he begins to shake.

  28. Fred has a fluffy down pillow with some of the down sticking out of the fabric. When he first tries out the pillow, a piece of down tickles his nose and he sneezes. He now sneezes every time he lays down on any kind of pillow.

  29. It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing at the mere sight of a flower…real or fake.

  30. You ride a roller coaster and get sick afterward. Now, whenever you are near a roller coaster you feel queasy.

  31. Your relationship is going badly and your significant other has yelled at you without warning several times. You now feel tense and fearful any time that you are around him or her.

  32. Five Major Conditioning Processes • Acquisition • Generalization • Discrimination • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery

  33. Acquisition • The initial stage in classical conditioning • The phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

  34. Acquisition • Findings: • The time between presenting the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus needs to be short. For most species and procedures, about ½ second works best. • Conditioning is more likely to occur if the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

  35. Generalization • The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses • IE. A dog responding to a bell tone may also respond to a similar sounding door bell. A person bit by a dog may fear all dogs. You may buy a lemon Ford, and never buy a Ford again.

  36. Classical Conditioning - Generalization • Little Albert Experiment – Fear Conditioning • An 11-month infant named Albert feared loud noises, but not white rats. In the experiment, when Albert was presented with a white rat and reached out to touch it, a hammer was struck on a steel beam behind his head. After a number of repetitions of seeing the rat and then hearing the frightening noise, Albert burst into tears at the mere sight of the rat.

  37. Classical Conditioning - Extra • Five days after the testing, Albert showed generalization of his conditioned response by reacting with fear to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. • Little Albert Experiment

  38. Discrimination • The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response • IE. A child is bitten by a dog, and only fears that dog. Other dogs don’t illicit an automatic fear response.

  39. Extinction • The diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus • If the food no longer follows the bell tone, eventually the dog will no longer associate the bell tone with food and will stop salivating.

  40. Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response. • The conditioned response continues to get weaker after less pairings of the CS and the UCS, and after more and more rest periods

  41. Acquisition (CS+UCS) Strength of CR Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Pause

  42. Operant Conditioning

  43. Operant Conditioning • Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer, or diminished if followed by a punisher

  44. Operant Conditioning • B.F. Skinner’s Experiments: • Based on Edward Thorndike’s LAW OF EFFECT – states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur • Experiments conducted with animals in an operant chamber (Skinner Box) – a soundproof box, with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a reward of food or water

  45. Pigeons and the Skinner Box

More Related