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Learning Theories

Learning Theories. Cognitive vs. Behavioral Michael McCarty. Benjamin Bloom. Benjamin Bloom Cognitive Theorist (1913 -1999). Education- Received a bachelor’s and master’s degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1935 and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1942

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Learning Theories

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  1. Learning Theories Cognitive vs. Behavioral Michael McCarty

  2. Benjamin Bloom

  3. Benjamin BloomCognitive Theorist (1913 -1999) • Education- Received a bachelor’s and master’s degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1935 and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1942 • Served as educational adviser to the governments of Israel, India and numerous other nations • Became instructor in the Department of Education at the University of Chicago in 1944

  4. Bloom’s Contributions • 1940’s – Created new ways to study students’ thought processes during instruction and testing in order to encourage the development of reasoning and problem solving skills • 1950’s – Developed a system for classifying instructional objectives and goals • 1960’s – Influences on child development led to the Foundation for Head Start and other early childhood programs • 1970’s – Developed procedures for improving quality of classroom instruction so students could reach high levels of achievement • 1980’s – Launched major project to understand how individuals develop exceptional levels of intellectual, artistic and athletic talent.

  5. Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain • Originated out of efforts to improve university exams • Work results created three taxonomies of educational objectives corresponding to three different domains • Taxonomy contains 6 levels considered a hierarchy

  6. Bloom’s Taxonomy (Continued) • Level 1 - Knowledge (Remembering previous learned material) • Level 2 - Comprehension (Understand new material) • Level 3 - Application (Use concepts and solve problems) • Level 4 - Analysis ( Break down material to understand structure of material) • Level 5 - Synthesis ( Create something new from other parts) • Level 6 - Evaluation ( Judge value of material for a given purpose)

  7. B.F. Skinner

  8. B.F. SkinnerBehavioral Theorist (1904 -1990) • An American psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for social reform, and poet • Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974 • Influenced by behavioral theorists, Watson and Pavlov

  9. Skinner’s Contributions • Invented the operant conditioning chamber • Innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism • Founded his own school of experimental research psychology • Listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century

  10. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory • Operant Conditioning Theory is the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, whether they are reinforcements or punishments • These consequences make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again • Studies behaviors instead of internal mental processes

  11. Impact of Bloom’s Taxonomy on Training • In an instructional intervention, it is imperative to have stated learning objectives • The intervention should be developed in a hierarchal format where each level of the training builds on the previous, using the 6 levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy • Once training is complete, the individual should possess the knowledge as outlined in the objectives • Objectives are useful in planning assessments

  12. Impact of Operant Conditioning on Training • When developing an instructional intervention, the designer can include a reinforcement or consequence, such as a grade or the requirement to re-take the training if the grade is not favorable • The response produced by the receiver is voluntary; one can choose to accomplish the objectives or not

  13. Application of Learning Theories on Adult Education • Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory is very apparent in the early education environment • Ex: Teachers offer stars and stickers for good behavior and good work; offer recognition and awards as positive reinforcement • Bloom’s Taxonomy theory is more easily adapted in the adult environment • College courses encourage self-motivation and comprehension; not as much hands on learning as early education

  14. Works Cited (2009). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 27, 2009, from B.F. Skinner Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner Brown, A, & Green, T (2006). The Essentials of Instructional Design.Upper Saddle River, NJ: PEARSON. Eisner, E. (2004). Benjamin Bloom 1913–99 . CYC-ONLINE, 63, Retrieved June 26, 2009, from http://www.cyc-net.org/cyc-online/cycol-0404-bloom.html Guskey, T.R. (2006). Benjamin S. Bloom Portraits of an Educator. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Education. Soylent Communications, (2009). NNDB. Retrieved June 27, 2009, from B.F. Skinner Web site: http://www.nndb.com/people/297/000022231/

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