CERAMICS

1. CERAMICS • The types of ceramic materials used in biomedical applications may be divided into three classes according to their chemical reactivity with the environment: • completely resorbable • surface reactive • nearly inert BIOMATERIALS

2. CERAMICS • Nearly inert ceramics e.g., alumina and carbons show little chemical reactivity even after thousands of hours or exposure to the physiological pH and therefore show minimal interfacial bonds with living tissues. • Surface reactive bioglass ceramics exhibit an intermediate behaviour.In these ceramics, surface provides bonding sites for the proteinaceous constituents of soft tissues and cell membranes, producing tissue adherence. BIOMATERIALS

3. CERAMICS • The more reactive materials like calcium phosphate, release ions from the surface over a period of time as well as provide protein bond sites. • The ions released, aid in promoting hydroxyapatite nucleation, yielding mineralized bone, growing from the implant surface. • We will now see about the different classes of ceramic materials BIOMATERIALS

4. CARBON • The carbons are inert ceramic materials. • Carbon materials are widely used because it has • good biocompatibility with bone and other tissues • high strength and an elastic modulus close to that of bone • Unlike metals, polymers and some other ceramics • carbonaceous materials do not suffer from fatigue BIOMATERIALS

5. CARBON • Pyrolytic carbons are formed by deposition of the isotropic structure on a while in a fluidized bed, at controlled temperature between 1000 to 24000C. • Pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon gas at temperature of less than 15000C has been most useful for applications in implants. • They are called as low-temperature isotropic (LTI) Carbons. BIOMATERIALS

6. CARBON • These thin films of LTI carbon have good bonding • strength to a number of metals with value ranging from • (10Mpa to 35MPa) with the ultimate value being • dependent upon conditions of deposition. • The anisotropy, density, crystalline, size and structure of • the deposited carbon can be controlled by temperature, • composition of fluidizing gas, bed geometry and • residence time of the gas molecules in the bed. • The inclusion of silicon with pyrolytic carbon makes it • very hard, so that its wear resistance increases. BIOMATERIALS

7. CARBON • Vitreous carbon is a polycrystalline solid with a very • small grain size, formed by the controlled pyrolysis of a • polymer such as phenol formaldehyde resin, rayon and • polyacrylonitrile. • A carbon residue remains after volatile residues are • driven off.The resulting volume shrinkage is about 50%. • As with the LTI carbons, the structure is isotropic and • the density is close to 1.5g/cm3. • Wear resistance and strength, however, are not as good • as the pyrolytic LTI carbons. BIOMATERIALS

8. CARBON • The third type of turbostratic carbon is vapor deposited at • a low temperature. • These carbons are called ultra low temperature isotropic • carbons (ULTI). • Carbon atoms are evaporated from heated carbon source • and condensed into a cool substrate of ceramic, metal or • polymer. • The thickness of the coating is usually less than 1m . • An advantage of this process is that the coating does not • change the mechanical properties of the substrate while • biocompatibility of carbon is conferred on the surface. BIOMATERIALS

9. CARBON • Pyrolytic LTI carbon is used because it is highly biocompatible, especially when used as a blood interface. • Carbon coatings find wide applications in heart values, blood vessel grafts, percutaneous devices because of exceptional compatibility with soft tissues and blood. • Carbon does not provoke an inflammatory response in adjacent tissues and no foreign body reactions to the materials have been observed. • Bone and soft tissues are much more tolerant to carbon than other materials. BIOMATERIALS

10. ALUMINA • Alumina is Aluminium oxide. • The main attraction for high purity alumina to orthopedic surgeons for its use is its • high corrosion • wear resistance • The implant devices are prepared from purified alumina powder by isostatic pressing and subsequent firing at 1500-17000C. BIOMATERIALS

11. ALUMINA • Natural single crystal alumina known as sapphire has been successfully used to make implants. • High-density alumina is used in load bearing hip prostheses and dental implants because of its combination of excellent corrosion resistance, good biocompatibility, high wear resistance and reasonable strength. • Strength, fatigue resistance and fracture toughness of polycrystalline alumina are function of grain size and purity. BIOMATERIALS

12. ALUMINA • Orthopedic uses of alumina consist of hip and knee joints, tibial plate, femur shaft, shoulders,vertebra, and ankle joint prostheses. Alumina ceramic femoral component (Kyocera Inc.; Japan) BIOMATERIALS

13. ALUMINA • The hip prostheses consist of a square or cylindrical shaped alumina socket, the latter with an outer screw profile, for cement free anchorage to the bone. • An alumina ball is attached to a metal femoral stem by aid of self locking tapers. • The stem itself is implanted with PMMA cement, though recently cement free prostheses have also been developed. • Different combinations of sockets, screws and balls made of alumina are used. BIOMATERIALS

14. ALUMINA • Alumina finds applications in dentistry as well as in a reconstructive maxillofacial surgery to cover bone defects. • Alumina is not cytotoxic and there is no activation of body’s immune response. • Alumina implants do not show inflammatory or progressive fibrotic reactions. • However, worn out alumina particles are observed in the interstitium of the lung, in reticuloendothelial cells of liver, spleen and bone marrow after phagocytosis. BIOMATERIALS

15. ALUMINA • The important prerequisites for success of alumina implants are, • Surface finishing • small grain size • biomechanically correct design • exact implantation technique BIOMATERIALS

16. GLASS CERAMICS • The main for the invention of this type of implant material • is to achieve a controlled surface reactivity that will induce • a direct chemical bond between the implant and the • surrounding tissues. • The glass ceramics serves this purpose. • Bioglass and Ceravital are two glass ceramics, having • fine-grained structure with excellent mechanical and • thermal properties, which are used in implants. • The composition of Ceravital is similar to bioglass in Sio2 • content but differ in CaO,MgO,Na2O. BIOMATERIALS

17. GLASS CERAMICS • Bioglass implants have several advantages like • high mechanical properties • surface biocompatible properties. • The surface-reactive implants respond to the local pH • changes by releasing divalent ions. • The surface reactivity can be controlled by the • composition of the implant. BIOMATERIALS

18. GLASS CERAMICS • The bioglass ceramics containing less reactive fluoride acquire a fibrous capsule when implanted in rat femurs. • The major drawback of glass ceramic is its brittleness. • Therefore, they cannot be used for major load-bearing implants such as joint implants. • However glass ceramics can be used as fillers for bone cement, dental restorative composite and as coating material. BIOMATERIALS

19. RESORBABLE CERAMICS • One of the first resorbable implant substance uses was Plaster of Paris. • The reasons why Plaster of Paris is not widely used are • variable resorption rates • poor mechanical properties. • Two types of orthophosphoric acid salt namely - tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) find widespread use as resorbable Ceramics BIOMATERIALS

20. RESORBABLE CERAMICS • The apatite- [Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2] crystallizes into the hexagonal rhombic prism. • The unit cell has dimensions of a = 0.9432 mm and c = 0.6881 nm. • The ideal Ca/P ratio of hydroxyapatite is 10/6 and the calculated density is 3.219 g/ml. • The substitution of OH- with F- gives a greater structural stability due to the fact that F- has a closer coordination than the hydroxyl, to the nearest calcium. BIOMATERIALS

21. RESORBABLE CERAMICS • The synthetic hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is prepared by the reaction of Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 in an aqueous solution. • The addition of fluorine to form fluoro-apatites may be beneficial for the surrounding bone. • Fluoride treatments have been shown to cause a marked increase in bone formation and comprehensive strength of osteoporetic tissues. BIOMATERIALS

22. RESORBABLE CERAMICS • The Key properties of hydroxyapatite are, • The ability to integrate in bone structures and support bone ingrowth, without breaking down or dissolving • Hydroxyapatite is a thermally unstable compound, decomposing at temperature from about 800-1200°C depending on its stoichiometry BIOMATERIALS