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The Reformation. What does reformation mean? To reform something is to change it, in order to make it better.
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The Reformation • What does reformation mean? • To reform something is to change it, in order to make it better. • During the Renaissance, as people became more aware of the world, their place in it, and the possibility of human potential, the Catholic church began to be criticized by many people. These people thought the Catholic church should be reformed. • Protestant Reformation: a 16th century European movement for religious reform that led to the foundation of churches that rejected the authority of the Pope.
Criticism of the Catholic Church • Church leaders were too interested in secular power and economic wealth, and not interested enough in religion. • Church leaders were accused of corruption; many of them lived lavish lifestyles, consumed alcohol, or fathered children. • As the printing press made access to the Bible easier for common people, they relied less on priests to help them establish a spiritual relationship with god. • Urbanization improved the economy, and merchants disliked paying taxes to the Pope in Rome.
Martin Luther • A German monk and teacher • Protested against the church selling indulgences (pardons that released people from performing penalties for their sins) • Wrote the 95 Theses, formal statements attacking the actions of the church • The 95 Theses were quickly reprinted and spread throughout Europe, beginning the Reformation movement for religious reform
Luther’s Ideas for Reform The Catholic Church Martin Luther Only faith could win you salvation Religious authority can only be found in the words of the Bible Priests were not needed to interpret the Bible • Good works and faith could win you salvation • Religious authority comes from tradition and the Pope’s teachings • Priests should interpret the words of the Bible for the people Whose ideas do you agree with more? Those of the Catholic Church, or those of the Protestant, Martin Luther?
Luther’s Reformation • Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church for his teachings. • His followers became known as Lutherans. • All people who protested the actions of the Pope became known as Protestants.
John Calvin • A French follower of Luther • Published a book that summarized the beliefs of Protestants called “Institutes of the Christian Religion” • Followers of Calvin were called Calvinists
Calvin’s Ideas for Reform • Calvin believed in predestination (the idea that a “select” group of people were chosen by God for salvation; there was nothing you could do to change this destiny) • Calvin believed an ideal society should be theocratic (the government should be ruled by religious leaders) • Calvin thought people should wear dark clothing, devote their lives to religious study, and follow strict moral behavior
Henry VIII of England Catherine of Aragon (one daughter, Mary) 4. Anne of Cleves (no children) Anne Boleyn (one daughter, Elizabeth) 5. Catherine Howard (no children) King Henry also opposed the Catholic church, because they did not allow divorce…. Henry had six wives!!! 6. Catherine Parr (no children) 3. Jane Seymour (one son, Edward)
Henry’s 1st Wife • Henry VIII became King of England in 1521. He married Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and Catholic). Catherine of Aragon had one daughter, Mary. • As Catherine grew older and no male child was born, Henry decided he wanted to divorce her and marry another. • One problem… The Catholic Church does not permit divorce. • Henry asked the Pope to allow his divorce, but the Pope refused. Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Mary
Henry’s 2nd WifeHenry forms a New Church • In defiance of the Pope, Henry and the English government passed a series of laws allowing him to divorce Catherine of Aragon. • He began his own church, the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. • He also quickly married a much younger woman, Anne Boleyn. Anne and Henry had a daughter, Elizabeth. • However, when Anne did not produce a son, Henry had her head cut off. Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Elizabeth
Additional Wives of Henry VIII • Henry’s third wife, Jane Seymour, had a son named Edward. But Jane died two weeks after Edward’s birth. • Henry married three other women: • Anne of Cleves (divorced from Henry) • Catherine Howard (also beheaded) • Catherine Parr (married to Henry until his death) Henry VIII Jane Seymour Edward
Religion In England after Henry’s death: 1. Edward (Protestant) 2. Mary (Catholic) 3. Elizabeth (Protestant) Edward took the throne at the age of 9 and was heavily influenced by his Protestant advisors. He died at age 15. Elizabeth took the throne after Mary left no heir. She returned England to Protestantism and began an era of religious peace and cultural expression known as the “Elizabethan Era.” Mary took the throne after Edwards death and returned England to Catholic rule. She executed Protestants, earning the name “Bloody Mary.”
