Chapter 5 Ad Astra Per Aspera

1. Chapter 5Ad Astra Per Aspera Kansas Becomes a State

2. People to Know • Black Kettle • Cyrus K. Holliday • John James Ingalls • James Lane • Abraham Lincoln • Julia Louisa Lovejoy • Sterling Price • William C. Quantrill • Charles Robinson

3. Words to Understand • Amend • Armory • Broadside • Charter • Guerrilla • Inalienable • Ordinance • Reminiscence • Representative government • Revenue • Secede • Segregate • Squatter • Veto

4. Kansas Becomes the 34th State: Rough Start • January 29, 1861 • Drought • Crops failed • Drinking water shortage • Kansas Relief Committee • Broadsides and flyers • Financial Trouble

5. Establishing a State Government:Ad Astra Per Aspera • Ad Astra Per Aspera • Latin • “to the stars through difficulty.” • John James Ingalls • Secretary to 1st KS Senate • Wyandotte Constitutional Delegate • State Seal

6. The State Constitution • Bill of Rights • Considered inalienable • Are Guaranteed • “all political power in inherent in the people” • All have an important role in government • All have a responsibility to participate • Can be amended (living document) • Also different from U.S. Const. • Slavery (6yrs.) • Women’s voting rights (61 yrs.)

7. The Rules of State Government Today • Federal, State, and county/city • 3 Branches KS and U.S. government • Executive • Legislative • Judicial

8. Executive Branch • Administer of laws passed by legislature • Headed by Governor who serves a limited term • Max two, four year terms • Includes Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer as well as other agency directors • Governor can approve or veto bills • Collects Taxes (Revenue)

9. Legislative Branch • Make laws (legislature) • Two chambers: House of Representatives and Senate • A bill must pass both chambers to be written into law. • Senate has 40 members; they serve four year terms • House of Representatives has 125 members; they serve 2 year terms • 2/3 vote to over turn an Executive Veto

10. Judicial Branch • Interpret laws and settle disputes between people • Hear criminal cases where the state brings charges against a person • Hear civil cases between two parties • Money • Property rights • Juries are very important to the court system • State Supreme Court has 7 justices appointed by the governor

11. Kansas and the Civil War:James Lane’s Frontier Guard • KS Senator • Helped to defend D.C. • Threat of Secession • Fort Sumter • Maryland and Virginia • Speeches • 100 Men • Protected Lincoln • East Room • Union Troops returned

12. Kansans at War:African American Soldiers • 30,000 men between 18-45 • 20,000 enlisted • Not all from KS • Nearly 8,500 died • Highest death rate of any state in Union • African Americans • Start: not allowed in military • Year 3: equal pay • 185,000 men volunteered • 38,000 died

13. Kansans at War:African American Soldiers Cont. • African Americans • KS 1st to enlist the men • James Lane recruited them • 1st Kansas Colored Infantry • 1st reg. to engage in battle • 225 vs. 500 • 1st to fight along side white soldiers • Battle of Honey Springs

14. The Civil War Comes to Kansas:Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence • Guerrilla tactics (KS and MO) • Quantrill’s Raid • Lawrence Aug. 21, 1863 • William C. Quantrill • Confederate guerrilla • 400 men attack at 5:00am • Shot every man they saw and windows • White new recruits • African American new recruits • Determined to burn down Lawrence • Killed 140 Men and boys 1 Confederate

15. Battle of Mine Creek • “Order No. 11” • Cleared all settlers out of four western MO counties • Prevent more raids • Site of Battle for Mine Creek • General Sterling Price • Confederate • Ordered to take MO, and if needed retreat through KS taking supplies

16. Battle of Mine Creek Cont. • Was forced to retreat • Supplies slowed retreat • Union Caught up • 2,500 Union vs. 7,000 Confederates • Union won in less than an hour • Abandoned/destroyed supplies and fled.

17. Women and the Civil War • No military service • Organized relief efforts • Made blankets and uniforms • Raised money • Year 2 of civil war • United States Sanitary Commission • Recruited nurses • Donated supplies • Food • Medicines • bandages

18. Frontier Forts in Kansas:The Forts and the Trails • Frontier Forts • Keep peace as settlers go west • Mostly Protected Americans, not Indians • Santa Fe Trail • 1821 • Trade between U.S. and Mexico • Invaded some Indian hunting grounds • Military sent to protect the trade route

19. Frontier Forts in Kansas:The Forts and the Trails Cont. • Fort Leavenworth • Oldest active army post west of Mississippi River • NE KS • To far away to protect wagon trains • So Fort Larned was established • Better position to protect Oregon trail

20. The Forts and Indian Relocation • Indians were moved to KS • Duties at Fort Leavenworth changed • Protected Indian lands from settlers • Kept peace among Indian tribes • Fort Scott established to help

21. The Army and Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny = Armies role changes • Invading force • Conquer more land + need for supplies = More Forts • Fort Riley established

22. The Civil War and the Frontier Forts • Soldiers stationed at the forts left • Forts manned by volunteers • Felt less obligation to Fed. Gov’t • More aggressive toward American Indians. • Americans that lived on Indian lands were called squatters. (Little House on the Prairie)

23. Tensions Increase: Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties • U.S. wanted Peace • Reservations • Indians completely dependant on Americans • Not what the Indians wanted • U.S. and 5,000 Indians met at Medicine Lodge • Satanta • Kiowa Chief • Asked why they should trust the government • Called building of homes “nonsense” • U.S. Promises • Protection • Schools • Farming tools • Food • Opened the area for American settlement and railroad

24. Tensions Increase: Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties Cont. • Treaty did not bring peace • Some tribes went to reservations some did not • Treaties and promises were broken • Fighting continues.