The Rise of Medieval Europe

1. The Rise of Medieval Europe

2. Medieval Europe

3. Collapse of the Roman Empire • In 476 AD when the Roman Empire fell in the West: • Political system. • Economic system • Trade • Legal System • Infrastructure • Education • Urban areas

4. Frankish rulers • Merovingian Rulers (400-700 AD) • Clovis • 1st Germanic ruler to accept Christianity • Charles Martel (AKA “The Hammer”) • Stopped spread of Islam in 732 at Battle of Tours in France • Pepin the Short • Anointed by the Pope and supported the Christian Church • Took lands from the Byzantine Empire

5. Charlemagne • Charles the Great • Doubled his kingdom-became known as the Frankish Empire • Established schools for his people • Used bureaucracy (Counts) to help run the empire • Missi dominici – inspections

6. Frankish Empire

7. Death of Charlemagne • Empire divided up when Charlemagne died in 814 AD • Empire passed to his son, Louis the Pious • Louis’ three sons fight over the land and the empire is divided up into three kingdoms • The sons got land that would later become France, Germany, and parts of Italy

8. Invasion from the North

9. The Vikings or Norsemen

10. Invasions from the North • Norsemen from Scandinavia began in the 800’s AD • Going a-viking • Fierce fighters known for their surprise attacks • Originally left in search of new lands to populate • Vikings were important because they conducted long distance trade throughout Europe and the Mediterranean • Eventually, the Norsemen began to settle down and establish territories. Normandy and England.

11. A New Europe • Cities became isolated • Constant invasion by foreign armies • Trade declined • Education stopped • Economies collapsed • No real central control of government

12. Medieval Life • A new political system developed in Europe from 900-1100 – Feudalism • Feudalism was based on alliances between the kings and nobles • Land was given to the nobles in exchange for: • Loyalty • Military aid • Land also came with peasants to work the land.

13. Feudal Relationships • Kings gave fiefs (land) to nobles • The nobles would then provide the king with knights and soldiers when necessary • These nobles were called vassals • Vassals could pledge alliance to more than one noble • This could pose a problem if the vassal had more than one alliance and the nobles fought against each other

14. Feudal Obligations • Vassals performed homage to the lord. • These were ceremonies and services • The most important was military service. • In addition, the vassal would agree to host the lord when he came visiting and would pay for the lord’s son to become a knight or contribute to the lord’s eldest daughter when she married.

15. Castes for Defense • A lack of a strong central government meant that wars occurred frequently. • The lords often built castles to protect their subjects.

16. Life of Nobility • Lord and Lady of the Manor • Unlimited power on the manor • Most nobles were also knights. • Process of becoming a knight • Page (age 7) • Squire (age 15) • Knight • Code of Chivalry

17. Knighthood

18. Manorial System

19. Life on the Manor • Work on the manor was done by the serfs • Serfs were tied to the land and could not leave without permission from the lord of the manor.

20. Increased Production • Three field system • Fallow field • Mouldboard plow • Horse collar

21. The Medieval Church • During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the center of most people’s lives. • The Church became an important institution after the fall of the Roman Empire. • The Pope had become an important political leader.

22. Religious Role • The Church taught that all people were sinners and needs God’s grace. • The only way to win this grace was through the Sacraments • Baptism • Penance • Eucharist • Confirmation • Matrimony • Anointing of the sick • Holy orders

23. Religious Role (Con’t) • During the Middle Ages, people had a limited understanding of church rituals. • Services were conducted in Latin • Many priests were poorly educated • Most of the people were illiterate • The average person learned about the church through the church itself.

24. The Cathedal

25. Church Organization • Church hierarchy • Pope, Bishops, and Priests lived in saeculo or in the world • Other clergy lived regula or by rules. These were monks and nuns that lived away from society.

26. Monastic Life • Benedict • Monte Cassino • Monks took a vow of poverty, chastity, and follow the rules f the abbot or head of the monastery. • Monks led simple lives. • Wore robes made of course material tied with a rope • Ate one or two meals a day • Some took vows of silence

27. Monastic Life (Con’t) • Women could join religious orders under the direction of an abbess. • Called nuns • Wore simple clothes • Worked by spinning, weaving, and embroidering material

28. Influence of Monastics • Monks copies books by hand • Monasteries and convents provide • Schools • Hospitals • Food for poor • Lodging for travelers • Some monks and nuns spread the religion to non-Christians.

29. Power of the Church • Political power • Church could prevent rulers from leading • Church had its own laws (Canon Law) • Financial Power • Tax exempt • Received tithes • Simony • High Church officials were knights

30. Church Reforms • By 900, Christians began to call for reforms • Move away from feudal control of the Church • 1059, Cardinals would now elect the Pope • Church, not nobles appointed Church officials • 1073-Investiture Controversy • Gregory VII and Henry IV fight over who could appoint bishops • Papal Bull of Church Infallibility

31. Fighting Heresy • 1215, Pope Innocent III attempted to stop abuses by church officials • Heresy – denial of basic church teachings • Excommunication = expulsion from the Church

32. Inquisition

33. Friars Inspire Reforms • 1200 Friars (wandering preachers) restored the public faith in the Church • Friars lived simply • Worked out among the people • Preached Christianity to the people • Francis of Assisi • Franciscan Order • Dominic • Dominican Order

34. The Jews • Early Middle Ages-Christians and Jews lived together in peace. • By 1000, Jews became the target of blame for plagues, famines, and other social ills. • Church leaders began to blame the Jews for the death of Jesus • Jews became persecuted throughout Europe • In the late 1200’s the Jews began to move into areas that protected them (Eastern Europe)

35. Rise of European Monarchy • England • After the fall of Rome, Angles, Jutes, and Saxons invaded England • By 886, King Alfred the Great had defeated the Danes and established an Anglo-Saxon kingdom known as “Angleland” • Alfred was much like Charlemagne. He was interested in learning and built schools throughout his kingdom • The last Anglo-Saxon king was Edward the Confessor who died in 1066

36. Norman Conquest • One of the people that claimed the throne after Edward’s death was William of Normandy • In October 1066, William invaded England with 6,000 soldiers • He met Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings • William’s armies won the battle and he became known as William the Conqueror

37. Battle of Hastings 1066

38. William the Conqueror

39. William’s Reign • William replaced Anglo-Saxon landowners with Norman vassals • Set up a system to collect taxes through sheriffs • He conducted the first census in western Europe to see what could be taxed in his new kingdom. This census was recorded in the Domesday Book • Over the next 300 years Norman and Anglo-Saxon culture blended

40. Royal Power • Henry II, William’s Grandson set up a system of common laws for all • Circuit Judges • Grand jury • Petit jury • Henry tired to bring the church under his royal laws. The brought him in conflict with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket

41. Murder of Becket 1170

42. Royal Power • Henry ruled parts of France with his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. • Henry had two sons, Richard I and John • While Richard was off fighting in the 3rd Crusade, John was left to rule England • During John’s reign as king, England lost lands in France. • He increased taxes and began to throw nobles in prison for treason.

43. 1215 Magna Carta • Great Charter • Set clear limits on the power of the king • Prevented the king from raising taxes without the consent of the nobles • Assured freemen of their right to trial by jury • Great Council-Parliament

44. France • Carolinginian Dynasty • Capetian Dynasty 987 • Hugh Capet • Established self-rule of towns, freeing them from feudal obligations • Philip II (Philip Augustus) 1180-1223 • Doubled the size of the kingdom • Appointed local officials loyal to him • Formed a royal army • Reduced the power of feudal lords

45. France • Louis IX (1226) • Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts • Took power to coin money away from feudal lords • Banned private wars and the right to bear arms • Considered very religious • Philip IV (Philip the Fair) • Louis’ grandson • Fought both England and Flanders for trade and land • Summoned the Estates-General and attempted to use it to raise taxes on a national level • Raised taxes on all including the church

46. Holy Roman Empire • Present day Germany • Never really powerful due to numerous German nobles that controlled their lands • Henry IV and Gregory VII – Investiture Controversy