The Rise of Europe

1. The Rise of Europe Chapter 7

2. Invasions during the Middle Ages

3. The Rise of Europe

4. The Germanic Kingdoms Tribal Farmers Herders Government No written laws or cities Elected Kings Warrior nobles – swore allegiance to the King 1. Weapons 2. Spoils of war Small Kingdoms take over Europe by 700 AD.

5. King Clovis - Franks King Clovis kept many Roman customs but most important decision was converting to Christianity. He also gained the support of the Pope (Leader of Christian Church in Rome).

6. Europe and the Muslim World I. Islam appears in Arabia in 622 A.D. • Created a new Civilization and built a huge and expanding empire. • Muslim armies overran Christian lands A. Palestine to North Africa to Spain B. Invaded France: Charles Martel (Franks) C. Battle of Tours – Christian Warriors defeat the Muslims. Sign from God? This is a sign of things to come (The Crusades). D. Muslims do not expand any further into Europe but continue to rule parts of Spain. Europeans and Muslims trade.

7. The Age of Charlemagne Charlemagne-”Charles the Great” 46 year reign: reunited most of the Roman empire 800 A.D.-Pope Leo crowned him Emperor of the Holy Empire Leo revived the ideal of a united Christian community 1. Enraged the Eastern empire – Emperor saw himself as the sole Roman ruler. 2. Widen the split between east and west (Roman Catholic vs. Orthodox) 3. Set up power struggle between future popes and German emperors.

8. Government Spread Christianity through conquered lands. (Church and Govt worked as one) A. Saxons B. Slavs Nobles ruled regions A. Land B. Support and supply soldiers for armies Missi dominci A. Check on roads B. listen to grievances C. Make sure justice was done

9. Revival of Learning Court at Aachen: second Rome Revive Latin learning Only clergy literate-barely Charlemagne-read, not write Founded school: Alcuin of York A. grammar B. Rhetoric C. Logic D. Arithmetic: Geometry E. Music F. Astronomy

10. Light Green shows area he controlled when he inherited from his father and jointly ruled with his brother. Dark green shows the areas that Charlemagne conquered throughout his reign. Area controlled by Muslims

11. Charlemagne died in 814 A.D. Power struggle begins within family. Grandsons drew up Treaty of Verdun which divided his empire into 3 regions Legacy of Charlemagne A. Extended Christianity B. German, Roman and Christian traditions were blended C. Set up strong, efficient government D. Used as model for later kingdoms

12. Invasions Muslims invaded Sicily in late 800’s 896-Magyars (present day Hungary): For 50 years: Attacked Germany, France and Italy. Vikings – ships were high tech. A. Norway, Sweden, Denmark B. looted and burned communities along the coast of Europe C. Traders and explorers D. Settled in Northern European Communities. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/village.html#thumb1

13. Feudalism & the Manor Economy 8.2 Chapter 8.2 Feudalism and the Manor Economy

14. The Emergence of Feudalism Due to invasions, leaders couldn’t maintain order…thus people needed protection. Feudalism: system in which lords would divide their landholdings among lesser lords (vassals). Vassals: pledged service and loyalty to the more powerful lords. Feudal contract: LAND = LOYALTY. Vassals would be given a fief (land). Fief = land, peasants to work land, towns, and buildings. Lord promised to protect. Vassal pledged to provide 40 days of military service EACH year.

15. You could be a Lord and a vassal at the same time. What if both of your Lords quarreled with each other? Vassals would have a liege lord (first loyalty) Structured Society

16. Structured Society

17. Warfare is a way of Life Nobles Trained as knights from boyhood: mounted warrior At age 7, boys that were selected, would be sent to the Castle of his father’s lord. Laziness not accepted. Very strict and disciplined. “Dubbed” a knight in public ceremony Served with other knights Tournaments: mock battles after 1100 A.D. (Watch the movie “A Knights Tale”. Castles: with towers (typically fought over a castle due to its strategic location: river crossings, harbors, mountain passes, etc. motte: fortified from attack (on a hill)

18. Medieval Castles

19. Noblewomen Lady of the manor: Took over Supervised vassals Managed the household Agricultural and medical tasks Might even have to go to war to defend estate Women of note: Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of France: Married to Louis IV Queen of England: Married to Henry II Mother of King Richard and King John

20. Women kept dower rights: land Sent out to be fostered Should know how to spin and weave Supervise servants Few were educated Expected to bear children and obey husband *Parents would arrange your marriage

21. Chivalry: code of conduct Knights = brave, loyal and true to their word Can’t attack opponents until they have armor Must treat prisoners well - but this applies only to nobles. Must protect peasants and noblewomen. Placed women on pedestal: protected and cherished. Troubadours or wandering poets sang songs that praised women’s wit, perfection and beauty.

22. Peasants and Manor Life Manor: Lord’s estate Included one or more villages and surrounding land. Most of population were peasants (lived and worked on the manor) Serfs: Bound to the land Not Slaves but also Not free! Couldn’t leave the manor without permission. If your manor went to another lord, you went with it. Mutual obligations Peasants –farmed the land, paid money if inherited land, needed permission to marry, payments at Christmas/Easter, & paid with products (chickens, etc). Could farm some land for self and lord was required to protect its people.

23. Self-Sufficient Peasants would produce everything that was needed. Never left the village No school Lived in a bubble (Watch Truman Show) Village, Church, Lord’s Manor House, Strips of farm land for the inhabitants Peasant Life Entire families helped farm Starvation common in the winter – life expectancy was 35 years old Slept in a hut with your livestock Couldn’t eat meat (punished)

24. PEASANTS PEASANTS NOBLES Serfs were bound to the land. They were not slaves, yet they were not free. Serfs made up the majority of the population in medieval society. Life was very harsh. Warfare was a way of life. Many trained from boyhood to be knights, or mounted warriors. Were the ‘upper class’ or aristocracy of society Life was better than serfs’

25. The Medieval Church 7.3

26. The Church and Medieval Life The church became the most powerful force in Europe. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. By Late Middle Ages, Western Europe is a Christian Civilization – viewed with suspicion if didn’t belong to the church. Women spread the faith through marriage. Parish priest was the only contact in the manor villages: Celebrated mass and administered the sacraments-the sacred rites of the church. Believed that the Sacraments led you to Salvation Priest preached the gospels and the teaching of the church. They guided the villagers on issues concerning values and morality. Baptism = entrance into the church/community. The priests offered assistance to the sick and needy. Married nobles and peasants, conducted baptisms and buried the dead.

27. Church buildings increased in beauty as Medieval period progressed. Could house relics (possessions/remains of Saints) Many people would come pray before the relics (pilgrimages) To support churches – tithe – 10% of income (required). Tithe supported the priest Church calendar: holy days and saint days

28. Attitude towards Women • Before God - men and women equal. • On Earth, women easily deceived and led into sin. • Ideal woman – Mary, mother of Jesus

29. Monks and Nuns Monk: Benedictine 530 A.D. Benedictine Rule (3 vows): Obedience, poverty, and chastity. 3 Periods per day – worship, work (farming), and study. Took care of sick Created Schools Offered lodging to travelers Copied ancient works Abbess Hildegarde: wrote music and books Women could not become priests Restriction of nuns in later medieval church

30. Church Power Grows • Church gains power in the world • The pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church. • The pope was the representative of Christ on earth. • As the representative of Christ on Earth, the later popes would claim papal supremacy or authority over all secular rulers (kings, emperors, etc). • Bishops, archbishops came from noble families. Often the only educated people, they often assumed governmental positions. Many had territories and armies.

31. Religious Authority Canon law covered: morals, religious teachings, & marriages. Absolute power because of the administering the sacraments. Could be excommunicated: denial of sacraments. Would spend eternity in hell. Nobles who opposed the church could be issued an interdict which denied the sacraments to a village, region or kingdom. Commoners often revolted. Truce of God: no warfare between nobles on Weekends and Holidays.

32. Church in Medieval Europe

33. Reform Movements Wealth that church attracted caused problems. (lived in luxury, ignored vows, etc.) Cluniac Reforms: Abbot Berny of Cluny said that nobles could not interfere with monastery affairs. In 1073, Pope Gregory VII applied the Cluniac reforms to the entire church Priests could not marry. Prohibited simony: the selling of church offices. Insisted the church choose officials, not nobles.

34. Preaching Orders St. Francis of Assisi (taught Gospels) and Dominic created friars who preached to the poor instead of living in a monastery. Poverty, humility, and love of God

35. Jews in Europe Jewish communities blended with Muslims & Christians and even served on courts. Christians blamed Jews for famines, diseases, etc. Church forbade Jews from owning land or being in certain professions. However, still employed Jews as financial advisors and physicians. Anti-Semitism: prejudice against the Jews, caused migration to Eastern Europe.

36. Economic Recovery Sparks Change7.4

37. Economic Expansion and Change New Technologies: 800’s: iron plows and use of horses Oxen were slow. Reclaimed land: cleared forests & drained swamps Windmill used for grinding grain into flour. 3 field system – left 1 field unplanted. Allowed for the fields to be more “productive”. Reduced soil exhaustion.

38. New Trade Routes Middle East: Traded with Constantinople

39. Medieval Trade Routes

40. Trade & Travel • Warfare declines and people begin to feel safer. • Travel increases • As trade routes expand, goods from remote markets become common • In Constantinople – could buy Chinese silks, Byzantine gold jewelry, and Asian spices. • Goods shipped via ships – many traders bought items at trade fairs along rivers and where routes crossed. • Traded animals and farm goods • Nobles could buy swords, sugar and silks.

41. New Cities Cities developed due to demand for trade fairs. Located in Northern Italy and Flanders Charter granted by king or lord spelled out the rights and privileges of the town. Granted right to choose own leaders and control own affairs. Paid lord or king a yearly fee. Year and a day = freedom.

42. New Business Practices Growth of Banking was created by the need for capital: money for investment Partnerships were created with various merchants for large ventures. - Safer investment. Didn’t lose everything if a business didn’t work. Insurance: for the creation of safeguards Bill of exchange: paid for services - didn’t have to carry coins with you (often stolen)

43. Social Changes Use of money undermines the feudal system - Tenant farmers or hired farm laborers - Peasants selling goods to townspeople and paying rent to the lord in cash rather than labor. Rise of the middle class: merchants, traders and artisans Usury: lending money with interest was considered immoral Jews became money lenders

44. Role of the Guild Merchant guilds dominated town life Passed laws Levied taxes Craft guilds (represented workers in 1 occupation) Weavers Bakers Brewers Goldsmiths Limited membership, provided protection for widows and children, watchdog for quality

45. Becoming a Guild Member • Apprentice • Journeyman • Master • Women did well in guilds-even dominating the silk and wool trade.

46. Towns were contained within walls. Walls were built where the town developed