Subjects : Ten participants ( 6 Female, 19-28 years old ) were recruited in the results

1. Binaural Interaction of Frequency-Following Responses in Normal-Hearing Chinese AdultsAbbie Davis, Fuh-CherngJengCommunication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio • Recording procedures: • Participants reclined in a sound proof booth and were asked to be as relaxed as possible and have their eyes closed. • The stimuli was presented in four conditions, right ear only, left ear only, both ears, and both ears again with a 180 degree phase in the left ear through an insert earphone with a silent interval of 45ms. • To obtain the EEG electrodes were placed on three spots on the scalp. • Recording montage: High Forehead (non-inverting), C7, Back of the Neck (inverting), and Low Forehead (ground). • Impedance maintained below 3 kΩ. • Data Analysis: • Analyzing the data was completed in MatLab. • You may want to list out the 5 indices and briefly explain what they are here. Spectrogram Grand Averages Of All Conditions Subjects: Ten participants (6 Female, 19-28 years old) were recruitedin the results Hearing thresholds≤ 20 dB HL at 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz. Native speakers of Chinese Stimulus: A total of 4 conditions were presented to each participant • List out the four conditions The stimulus was a frequency sweep of 117-166 Hz for 150 milliseconds The conditions were presenting the stimulus to the right ear only, left ear only, both ears, and both ears with a 180 degree phase in the left ear. 5000 sweeps were collected for each condition, to ensure a BIC response. The participants were in the booth for roughly two hours. The results of this study showed that the brain does infuse frequency sweeps binaurally and obtains a Binaural Interaction Component. The spectrogram showed a very strong 2nd harmonic in the both-180 condition. Questions can be emailed to ad894908@ohio.edu Results Introduction Conclusions References Methods A frequency-following response (FFR) is an electrophysiological test that can be used to examine the brainstem’s processing of sound. The reason why FFR is important to research is because human speech is conducted in different frequencies, such as word stress and intonation common to English. The stimuli used in this project is a frequency sweep, which is significant because of an existing gap in the literature between tone-burst-elicited FFRs and human-speech-elicited FFRs. In an attempt to bridge this gap, the stimuli used is a frequency sweep of 117-166 Hz. The participants in this study are native Chinese speakers. The Chinese language is a tonal language, meaning while there are words that are phonetically similar, these differences in meaning rely on the frequency of different rising and falling tones. Because of their linguistic background, Chinese speakers are much more susceptible to frequency changes and show a more robust FFR compared to Americans (Krishnan et al., 2005; Jeng, 2011). The purpose of this study is to further understand how the brainstem interprets binaural stimulation, which can be done by investigating the binaural interaction component (BIC). This is discovered by adding the sums of the monaural responses in both ears and then subtracting the binaural response. BIC = (Binaural stimulation) – (Right + Left) If the brain is a linear system, it will simply reflect a sum of both ears (i.e., Right + Left = Both). However, human brain is never a linear system. Our brain is not a simple machine. Instead, it is a complex system that allows us to think creatively and outside of the box. Because the brain is not a linear function, there should be a small amount of response left over. Jeng, F., Hu, J., Dickman, B., Montgomery-Reagan, K., Tong, M., Wu, G., & Lin. C. (2011). Cross-linguistic comparison of frequency-following responses to voice pitch in American and Chinese neonates and adults. Ear and Hearing,32(3), 1-8. •Krishnan, A., Xua, Y., Gandoura, J., Carianib, P., (2005). Encoding of pitch in the human brainstem is sensitive to language experience. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 161-168. Time Waveform of Grand Averages in all Conditions