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How to take:

How to take:. Divide the paper into 3 sections. A vertical line 5 cm from the left. A horizontal line 5 lines up from the bottom. Heading. Write the title and date of the notes. Title Date. Take notes during lecture. The large box is for writing notes.

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  1. How to take:

  2. Divide the paper into 3 sections A vertical line 5 cm from the left. A horizontal line 5 lines up from the bottom.

  3. Heading Write the title and date of the notes. Title Date

  4. Take notes during lecture. The large box is for writing notes. Skip a line between slides. Don’t use complete sentences, abbreviate and use symbols when you can. Title Date

  5. Study Questions Review your notes after class and write down study questions, key points or vocabulary.

  6. Summarize Write a summary at the end of the notes.

  7. Study your notes Review your notes. Quiz your self with the study questions. Review your summaries.

  8. UNIT 1 Introduction: Scientific Method & Biology Today

  9. Scientific Method

  10. The Process of Science • The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.” • Science is a way of knowing. • Science developed from people’s curiosity about themselves and the world around them. • Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena. • This limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure.

  11. Discovery Science • Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science. • In biology, discovery science enables us to describe life at its many levels.

  12. Hypothesis-Driven Science • As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps. • The key element of the scientific method is hypothesis-driven science.

  13. Hypothesis-Driven Science • A hypothesis is a tentative answer to some question. • It is an explanation on trial. • Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigation can test the hypothesis • the hypothesis is tested by performing an experiment to see whether results are as predicted.

  14. The Scientific Method • A series of steps that are used to solve a problem or better understand an event.

  15. Observation We can do observations BEFORE conducting an experiment. This allows us to start thinking about what we are seeing.

  16. 1. Asking a Question Based on observations; one or more research questions are generated Ex. What is the effect of sunlight on plantgrowth?

  17. More Observation/Research • Observe the world using your senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell) and research your problem using the internet or books or journals. Inference: involves a judgment or assumption

  18. 2. Forming A Hypothesis hypo (less than) thesis (theory) Explanation for what you have seen and recorded in your prior obsevervations. Predict a solution to the problem based on your research. An educated guess a question or statement that can be tested. Ex. Ifsunlighthas an effect on plant growth, then plants will grow larger in the sun because it is needed for photosynthesis.

  19. Forming a Hypothesis Continued… Statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either does or doesn’t support it It can never be proven beyond doubt Often must be refined and revised or discarded

  20. Predicting To test hypothesis it is necessary to make predictions that logically follows from the hypothesis A statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesis Often in the form of an “if-then” statement

  21. 3. Experiment A procedure to test a hypothesis, under controlled conditions – conducting a controlled experiment. It is clear and detailed so another scientist can replicate your experiment. List all materials.

  22. Controls & Constants • Constant (controlled variable) The factors in the experiment that need to stay the same between the experimental group and the control. Ex. amount of soil, nutrients, water is the SAME for all plants • Control group The group or sample that is used as a standard for comparison. Ex. The plant in the dark (compare to plants in different amounts of light).

  23. 3 Kinds of Variables • 1. Controlled Variable – a variable that is not changed • Also called constants • Allow for a “fair test” • Controls ensure that all variables in the experiment are the same except for the variable being tested.

  24. 3 Kinds of Variables • 2. Independent Variable – something that is changed by the scientist • What is tested (the treatment) • What is manipulated

  25. 3 Kinds of Variables • 3. Dependent Variable – something that might be affected by the change in the independent variable • What is observed • What is measured • The data collected during the investigation (the result of the treatment)

  26. For Example:

  27. Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle.

  28. Identify the variables in this investigation.

  29. What was the independent variable? • Ages of the students • Different ages were tested by the scientist

  30. What was the dependent variable? • The time it to put the puzzle together • The time was observed and measured by the scientist

  31. What was a controlled variable? • Same puzzle • All of the participants were tested with the same puzzle. • It would not have been a fair test if some had an easy 30 piece puzzle and some had a harder 500 piece puzzle.

  32. Another example:

  33. An investigation was done with an electromagnetic system made from a battery and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes of nails were used. The number of paper clips the electromagnet could pick up was measured.

  34. What are the variables in this investigation?

  35. Independent variable: • Sizes of nails • These were changed by the scientist

  36. Dependent variable: • Number of paper clips picked up • The number of paper clips observed and counted (measured)

  37. Controlled variables: • Battery, wire, type of nail • None of these items were changed

  38. One more:

  39. The higher the temperature of water, the faster an egg will boil.

  40. Independent variable – temperature of water Dependent variable – time to cook an egg Controlled variable – type of egg

  41. Last one:

  42. The temperature of water was measured at different depths of a pond.

  43. Independent variable – depth of the water Dependent variable – temperature Controlled variable – thermometer

  44. Designing Investigations

  45. Design an investigation to test this hypothesis. Identify the variables What exactly will be changed? How will it be changed? What exactly will be measured? How will it be measured? The greater the amount of soap in a soap and water mixture, the bigger a soap bubble can be blown.

  46. Design an investigation to test this hypothesis. Identify the variables What exactly will be changed? How will it be changed? What exactly will be measured? How will it be measured? The farther a ball drops, the higher it will bounce.

  47. 4. Collecting Data Data: The information collected from an experiment. Data is data, it isn't right or wrong - presented in tables, charts, notes or diagrams. Two Types Quantitative Qualitative

  48. Types of Data • Quantitative Data • quantity - measured in numbers • Qualitative Data • quality - measured in words (descriptions)

  49. Observations AND Inferences

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