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Introduction to Genetics: Key Concepts, Inheritance Patterns, and Genetic Disorders

This lesson covers fundamental genetics concepts including alleles, genes, homozygosity, heterozygosity, and various inheritance patterns. We explore genetic diagrams, examining monohybrid crosses and the concepts of dominance and co-dominance, illustrated with examples such as pea flowers and blood groups. The lesson also addresses genetic disorders like Huntington's disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and how sex linkage affects inheritance. Throughout, we examine genotypic and phenotypic ratios, providing clarity on complex genetic interactions.

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Introduction to Genetics: Key Concepts, Inheritance Patterns, and Genetic Disorders

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  1. Genetics Lesson 1

  2. Definitions • Allele • Gene • Homozygous • Heterozygous • Dominant • Recessive • Co-dominant • Diploid • Haploid • Karyotype • Chromosome • Homologous • Locus • Genotype • Phenotype

  3. Genetic Cross Diagrams • Male or Female • What are the chances of having a baby boy? • Show the genotypic and phenotypic frequencies

  4. Genetic Cross Diagrams • Huntington’s Disease • A normal male reproduces with a female sufferer • What is the F1’ filial generation? • Provide the genotypic and phenotypic ratios

  5. Monohybrid Inheritance – inheritance of a single gene • Pure breeding = HOMOZYGOUS throughout • Pea Flowers – red, white and pink • Pure bred red with Pure bred white • F1 generation results = • F2 generation results when crossed with pure bred red

  6. Cystic Fibrosis • Cross a Carrier female with a normal male • What are the chances of having a male carrier?

  7. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10013-cystic-fibrosis-gene-protects-against-tuberculosis.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10013-cystic-fibrosis-gene-protects-against-tuberculosis.html • Why does Cystic Fibrosis still exist? • Why are white people more likely to suffer from Cystic Fibrosis?

  8. Describe and Explain

  9. Sickle cell Anaemia • Co-dominance • Cross a couple both with the sickle cell trait (heterozygotes)

  10. Why would the sickle cell haemoglobin have a different structure to a normal haemoglobin?

  11. X and Y chromosomes Does this set of chromosomes come from a male or female? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 XY What kind of sex chromosomes are there in this person’s sex cells?

  12. Diseases • The gene for Haemophilia is recessive but if you are a carrier you can have slight problems in clotting. • The Queen is a carrier (Hh) • What is her genotype? • If she mates with another carrier what are the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes produced.

  13. Sex Determination and Sex Linkage

  14. Sex Determination • 2 months • SRY – sex determining region of Y • Wolffian Duct • Mullerian Duct

  15. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy • Mutation in the dystrophin gene • Weakness • Issues with walking and mobility • Fibrosis of tendons

  16. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

  17. Sex Linkage • I am red colour blind. • If I were to mate with a normal sighted person (not a carrier) • What are the chances of my children being colour blind? • What are the chances of my Grandchildren being colour blind if they mate with a colour blind person? • Show the genotype and phenotype ratios for each answer

  18. Co Dominance • Cat Coat • Brown • Ginger • Tortoiseshell

  19. Page 124 Question 3 • Siamese cats • Tyrosinase • Why are all kittens born the same colour then develop these markings?

  20. Alleles • Pleiotropy • Polygenic Inheritance • Multiple Alleles

  21. Blood Groups

  22. RBC Compatibility

  23. Blood Groups • ABO and Rhesus Groups • Rhesus = Antigen D on the surface of Red Blood Cell • How can the Rhesus type cause an issue during childbirth?

  24. ABO Inheritance • A mother who is blood group A and a father who is blood group B have two children • One is group O and the other AB • What are the genotypes of the parents, use a genetic diagram to answer your question • A woman of group A has a baby with group O. She does not know who the father is. A boyfriend had group B, her husband group AB. Who was the father?

  25. Multiple alleles and Dominance hierarchy • Coat Colour • Agouti C A • Chincilla C Ch • Himalayan C H • Albion C a

  26. Pedigree Charts – page 120

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