1. 1 Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Chapter 19

2. 2 Kingdoms and Domains Section 1 Objectives

3. 3 Section 1 Objectives Identify the characteristics used to classify kingdoms. Differentiate bacteria from archaebacteria.

4. 4 Kingdoms and Domains The Six Kingdoms of Life

5. 5 Six Kingdoms of Life Classification of living things into Kingdoms is largely based on a few fundamental characteristics: Cell type Cell walls Body type Nutrition

6. 6 Six Kingdoms of Life Cell Type Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Two kingdoms of prokaryotes currently recognized There are four kingdoms of eukaryotes Cell Walls (present/absent, composition) Present in 4 of 6 kingdoms Absent in 1 kingdoms In remaining kingdom, some have cell walls while others do not

7. 7 Six Kingdoms of Life Body type Unicellular or multicellular Nutrition Heterotrophic or autotrophic Heterotrophs obtain food by consuming other organisms by: Ingestion then digestion Digestion then absorption Autotrophs make nutrients from inorganic molecules by: Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

8. 8 Six Kingdoms of Life Today organisms are grouped into 6 kingdoms on the basis of their similarities. The six kingdoms are: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

9. 9 Kingdoms and Domains The Three Domains of Life

10. 10 The Domains of Life Prokaryotic organisms were once classified in a single kingdom, Monera. On the basis of major difference in the DNA sequences of eubacteria and archaebacteria, scientists have adopted a classification system that divides all organisms into three superkingdoms or domains: Bacteria�contains only eubacteria Archaea�contains only archaebacteria Eukarya�contains all eukaryotic kingdoms: protists, fungi, plants and animals.

11. 11 The Domains of Life The Domain Bacteria Contains a single kingdom�Kingdom Eubacteria Characteristics used to classify bacteria Cell wall made of peptidoglycan, a weblike molecule made of carbohydrate strands cross-linked by short peptide bridges. Amino acid sequences of ribosome proteins and RNA polymerase differ from those of Archaea and Eukaryotes and are used to infer relationships among groups of bacteria.

12. 12 The Domains of Life Kinds of bacteria Most abundant organism on Earth Important to humans because Some cause disease Some used to: process foods (cheese, yogurt) control agricultural pests, produce chemicals, perform genetic engineering Nutrition Autotrophic Chemosynthetic�use hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or methane as source of energy Photosynthetic

13. 13 The Domains of Life Heterotrophic Aerobic Anaerobic Important as decomposers The Domain Archaea Prokaryotes more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria Characteristics Cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan Cell membrane contains lipids very different from bacteria

14. 14 The Domains of Life Characteristics (cont.) Ribosomal proteins very similar to eukaryotes, different from bacteria Structure of genes is similar to that of eukaryotes. Three kinds Methanogens Live deep in mud of swamps Anaerobes that produce methane Extremophiles Thermophiles live in very hot places Halophiles live in very salty water Others live in very acidic environments

15. 15 The Domains of Life Nonextreme archaebacteria�grow in all the same environments that bacteria do. The Domain Eukarya Characteristics Eukaryotic cell structure (nucleus and other internal compartments) Multicellularity-occurs only in eukaryotes Sexual reproduction

16. 16 Kingdoms of Eukaryotes Section 2 Objectives

17. 17 Section 2 Objectives List the characteristics of protists. List the characteristics of fungi. Name the characteristics of plants. Identify the characteristics of animals. Differentiate plants from animals.

18. 18 Kingdom Protista Originally formed to contain all unicellular organisms. Prokaryotes removed and placed in their own kingdom(s). As currently defined, represents the kinds of eukaryotic organisms that were first to evolve.

19. 19 Kingdom Protista The most diverse eukaryotic kingdom. Eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, animals or fungi are classified as protists. Characteristics Unicellular or multicellular Autotrophic or heterotrophic Have cell walls or lack cell walls

20. 20 Kingdom Protista KINDS OF PROTISTS Protozoa (animal-like protists)�classification based on means of locomotion Use pseudopodia (means �false-feet�) Amoeba is an example Have flexible cell membranes Move by using extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopodia. Use flagella (called flagellates) Have one or two whip-like organelles for locomotion.

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