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Topic 3 Sets, Logic and Probability

Topic 3 Sets, Logic and Probability . Joanna Livinalli and Evelyn Anderson . IB Course Guide description . Topic 3.1 and 3.3: Set Theory . Topic 3.2: Venn diagrams and sets . Union. Subset . Intersection. Mutually exclusive events . (A  B)’. (A  B)’. A’  B. A’  B.

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Topic 3 Sets, Logic and Probability

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  1. Topic 3 Sets, Logic and Probability Joanna Livinalli and Evelyn Anderson

  2. IB Course Guide description

  3. Topic 3.1 and 3.3: Set Theory

  4. Topic 3.2:Venn diagrams and sets Union Subset Intersection Mutually exclusive events

  5. (A  B)’ (A  B)’ A’  B A’  B

  6. Example Problem A group of 40 IB students were surveyed about the languages they have chosen at IB: E = English, F = French, S = Spanish. • 3 students did not study any of the languages above. • 2 students study all three languages • 8 study English and French • 10 study English and Spanish • 6 study French and Spanish • 13 students study French • 28 students study English (a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the data above. On your diagram write the number in each set. (b) How many students study only Spanish? (c) On your diagram shade (E  F)’ , the students who do not study English or French.

  7. Check your answers (a) (b) There 4 students who do Spanish only (c) Shade everything but the union of E and F (where the 6 is)

  8. Topic 3.4 – 3.7 : Logic and truth tables • Propositions – A statement that can be either true or false. For example, the baby is a girl. • Negation – A proposition that has become negative: For example, the baby is not Australian. Be careful that it is a negative and not the opposite. The symbol used is ¬. • Conjunction – the word ‘and’ used to join two conjunctions together. For example, the baby is a girl and Australian. The symbol used is .

  9. Disjunction – the word ‘or’ used to join the conjunctions together. For example, the baby is a girl or Australian. The symbol used is . • Exclusive Disjunction - is true when only one of the propositions is true. The word ‘or’ is used again, but in this case you must write “or, but not both”. The symbol used is 

  10. Implication – Using the words if …… then with two propositions. For example: If you do not sleep tonight then you will be tired tomorrow. The symbol used for implication is . • Equivalence – If two propositions are linked with “…if and only if…”. Then it is an equivalence. p  q is the same as p  q and q  p. Or using notation: (p  q) = (p  q)  (q  p)

  11. p: My shoes are too small q: My feet hurt • Implication: p  q. If my shoes are too small, then my feet hurt. • Converse: q  p. If my feet hurt, then my shoes are too small. • Inverse: p q. If my shoes are not too small, then my feet do not hurt. • Contrapositive: q p. If my feet do not hurt, then my shoes are not too small.

  12. Tautology – a statement that produces True (T) throughout the column of the truth table. Column (?) would be a tautology • Contradiction – a statement that produces False (F) throughout the column of a truth table. Column (?) Would be a contradiction

  13. p: Andrea studies IB English. q: Andrea studies IB Spanish. r: The school offers at least 2 IB languages. • Write the following in logical form. If Andrea studies English and Spanish, then the school offers at least 2 languages. (b) Write the following statement in words: ¬p ¬q (c) Copy and complete the truth table below. (d) Is (p  q) r a tautology, contradiction or neither? Example Problem

  14. Check your answers (a) (p  q) r (b) If Andrea does not study English then she will not study Spanish (c) (d) Neither a tautology nor a contradiction

  15. Probability Probability ranges between 0 and 1 or 0 and 100%

  16. Terminology • Trials—times experiment is repeated • Outcomes—different possible results • Frequency—the number of times an outcome is repeated • Relative frequency—the number of times an outcome is repeated in terms of a fraction or percentage

  17. Example Problem • In assigning 32 assignments, Ms. Boswell has noticed that Maxine has done her homework 12 times. • Describe the trials, outcomes, frequency, and relative frequency of this situation. Note: The greater the number of trials, the more reliable the information becomes, and the closer the relative frequency will be as a predictor for future outcomes.

  18. 3.8 Equally Likely Events • If the probability of an event A given by P(A)=n(a)/n(U) • Probability of a complementary event isP(A’)=1-P(A) • Example: In a coin, there are two possible outcomes—heads or tails. So the probability of it not being tails is equal to 1-(the probability of it being heads, or .5), which is also .5.

  19. Venn Diagrams There are 48 students. 22 watch Dragon Ball Z, 15 watch Pokémon, 20 watch Naruto, and 12 watch none. What is the probability of (DUP)’? DUP=(30/48)=(5/8) (DUP)’=1-(5/8) or (3/8) What is the probability that the student watches Dragon Ball Z? (22/48) or (11/22) What is the probability the student watches Pokémon and Naruto, but not Dragon Ball Z? (3/48) What is the probability the student watches Naruto or Pokemon, but not both? ((7+6)+(3+5))/48 or 21/48=(7/16) 3 5

  20. What is the probability the coin will fall on heads three times in a row? (Tree Diagrams) Heads (1/2) Heads (1/2) Heads (1/2) Tails (1/2) Tails (1/2) (1/2)*(1/2)*(1/2)=(1/8) Tails (1/2) Number of possibilities for a particular outcome/Number of total possible outcomes

  21. If there are 5 red marbles and 2 blue marbles in a bag, what is the probability that when picking one out, one will be blue and the other red? (the marbles are not replaced when removed) ((5/7)*(2/6))+((2/7)+(5/6))=(10/21) Red (4/6) Red (5/7) Blue (2/6) Red (5/6) Blue (2/7) Blue (1/6)

  22. Table of Outcomes • Example: Rolling two pairs of dice http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book8/bk8i10/bk8_10i3.htm

  23. Mutually Exclusive Events • A situation where only one outcome is possible (i.e., if the coin is heads, it cannot be tails also.) • A die is tossed. What is the probability the shown is 4? • What is the probability that it is 4 or 3? • What is the probability that it is 4 and 3? • What is the probability that the dice will roll a 4, and when tossing a coin at the same time, it will be heads?

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