INTRODUCTION: GAS DYNAMICS & PROPULSION

1. INTRODUCTION: GAS DYNAMICS & PROPULSION P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Passion of Doing Adventures lead to a Hi-Fi Science and Technology!!!

2. The Shocking News : 9th December 1903 • The New York Times wrote that maybe • 1 million to 10 million years they might be able to make a plane that would fly ?!?!?! • People had dreamed of flying for many years. • The United States Army was trying to develop an airplane in 1903, but the plane wouldn't fly. • Only eight days later two men were successful in flying the first manned plane. • Controlled, powered flight had seemed impossible until Orville Wright took off on the 17th December 1903. • They were Wilbur Wright and his younger brother, Orville.

3. Reasons behind this Unreasonable News • The first ever powered and controlled flights were carried out in lighter-than-air craft before either of the Wright brothers was even born. • A Vital and Ultimate idea to fly was missing. • The Wright brothers became the most famous people in the history of aviation for the first airplane flight in 1903.

4. History of Early Air Ships • Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to theorize that a rearward-channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed. • This theory was based on his third law of motion. • As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the plane moves forward. • Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine, a three-horse power steam engine. • It was very heavy, too heavy to fly.

5. Giffard’s Air Ship

6. Performance of Griffard’s Airship • The airship successfully flew on the 24th September 1852, launching from the Paris Hippodrome and flying 27km (17 miles) to Elancourt, near Trappes. • The small engine was not very powerful and it could not overcome the prevailing winds to allow Giffard to make the return flight. • The top speed of Giffard's airship was just six miles per hour. • However, he did manage to turn the airship in slow circles, proving that in calm conditions controlled flight was possible.

7. Further unsuccessful Efforts - I In 1894, American Hiram Maxim tried to power his triple biplane with two coal fired steam engines. It only flew for a few seconds. The early steam engines were powered by heated coal and were generally much too heavy for flight. American Samuel Langley made a model airplanes that were powered by steam engines. In 1896, he was successful in flying an unmanned airplane with a steam-powered engine, called the Aerodrome. It flew about 1 mile before it ran out of steam. He then tried to build a full sized plane, the Aerodrome A, with a gas powered engine. Otto Daimler in the late 1800's, invented the first gasoline engine.

8. Further unsuccessful Efforts - II • In 1903, it crashed immediately after being launched from a house boat. • In 1903, the Wright Brothers flew, "The Flyer", with a 12 horse power gas powered engine. • From 1903, the year of the Wright Brothers first flight, to the late 1930s the gas powered reciprocating internal-combustion engine with a propeller was the sole means used to propel aircraft. • What is the secret beind the success of Wright Brothers.

9. Engineering of Newton's Third Law • What we enjoy/need is the reaction of some action. • The action to create a reaction has to be invented. • The action must be techno-economically viable. • It must lead to construction of a light hardware for flying.

10. Kate Carew Interviews the Wright Brothers • “Are you manufacturing any racing machines?” • “Not just now, but we intend to.” • “How much can I buy one for?” • “Seven thousand five hundred-dollars.” • “Is that all? It doesn’t seem like an outside price for a perfectly good airship?” • “Airship!” shouted the Wright brothers indignantly. • “Is that the wrong word?” • “An airship,” said Wilbur contemptuously, “is a big, clumsy balloon filled with gas.” • “Well, I don’t see why your biplane shouldn’t be called an airship, too.”