1 / 18

Birth and Development

Birth and Development. Gestation : period of time that embryo/foetus spends in the uterus Parturition/birth: process of expelling the foetus from the Uterus Labour: series of events preceding parturition . During final 3 months of gestations uterus undergoes weak irregular contractions.

dyanne
Télécharger la présentation

Birth and Development

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Birth and Development

  2. Gestation: period of time that embryo/foetus spends in the uterus • Parturition/birth: process of expelling the foetus from the Uterus • Labour: series of events preceding parturition. • During final 3 months of gestations uterus undergoes weak irregular contractions

  3. STAGEs of labour

  4. 1ststage of labour (Dilation of the cervix) • Lasts approx 8-9 hours (approx 4 every subsequent birth) • Begin: Uterine contractions are occurring every 30 minutes. (Labour pains) • Waves of muscle contractions (like peristalsis) from uterus to cervix, cause uterus to slightly shorten and pull back cervix causing it to dilate. • End: Complete dilation (opening) of the cervix (10cm) • Foetus head generally facing mothers left or right pelvic bone. • Forms the birth canal: passage through which foetus will be expelled

  5. 2ndstage of Labour (Stage of expulsion) • Lasts approx 20 mins – 2 hrs. • Often marked by the breaking of the amniotic sac (release of amniotic fluid) • Uterine contractions with voluntary abdominal contractions move foetus along birth canal, turning baby’s head to face mothers back. • Slowly head will emerge and then turn to face sideways again. (allows shoulders to fit through more easily) • Remainder of baby is expelled. (covered with vernix: waxy substance)

  6. 3rdstage of Labour (afterbirth) • After baby is expelled, umbilical cord is clamped and cut. (remains attached to baby will dry up and fall off leaving ‘navel’ or ‘umbilicus) • Approx 5 mins after delivery, placenta, remains of umbilical cord and other membranes are expelled. (afterbirth)

  7. Changes at birth

  8. Baby before birth: • first breath of life due to shock / slap/ clamp umbilical cord (increase in CO2) • Gas / nutrient / waste exchange occurs between placenta and endometrium • Ductusvenosus (liver bypass) • Foramen ovale (hole in septum wall) • Ductusarteriosus (lung bypass) • Umbilical artery • Umbilical vein

  9. Baby after birth: • decrease resistance in lungs: ductusarteriosus redundant (deteriorates) • more flow in left atrium  pressure closes foramen ovale • decreased blood flow through ductusvenosus (deteriorates) • to account for higher muscle activity / temp control / increase in O2 • 45 breaths / min (1st 2 weeks) • 125 – 130 beats / min • increased red blood cell count

  10. Mother after birth: • Puerperium(8weeks – uterus returns to normal size) • due to contractions & gradual shrivelling • Fluid discharge (blood, endometrium) lasts up to 3 – 6 weeks • Mood changes (postnatal depression, 3rd day blues) • Menstruation returns: • Breastfeeding – in approx. 6 months • No breastfeeding– within 10 weeks

  11. Breastfeeding & Milk Production

  12. The Breasts • Until puberty, male / female breasts are very similar • Approx 10-11, female nipples bulge (due to oestrogen / progesterone) • Each breast = 15 – 25 sections (lobes) subdivided into lobules. • Walls of each lobule consist of glandular alveoli (milk secreting region) • All surrounded by fatty connective tissue • Lobules open up into ‘milk space’ for storage (15 – 25) • During the 1st weeks after birth, newborns environment must be kept as close to the Uterus as possible: • Food & water  milk • Warmth & comfort  cuddling arms / small soft bed

  13. Lactation • initiation & maintenance of milk secretion and delivery to infant • Changes during Pregnancy • lobes become larger & more complex • nipple area darkens in colour • oil secreting glands enlarge (prevents drying out of nipple) • growth and development of breast • Changes at Birth • 1st secretion: Colostrum (watery, yellow / white – similar to normal milk but little fat & high levels of antibodies)

  14. Milk Let-Down Reflex • Baby suckles nipple • msg sent to brain via nerves • brain tells pituitary gland to secrete Oxytocin & Prolactin • Oxytocin triggers contraction of muscles around lobules / Prolactin triggers milk production • Milk is ejected into ducts • Up to 1.5 L of milk / day may be produced • Needs VitD, Calcium, phosphate

  15. Development: Infancy to adolescence

  16. Infancy • Physical Development: • In 1st year body length increases by 1/3 and weight triples. (71-74cm, 9kg) • Head/leg ratio changes dramatically with legs growing much faster than the head. • By 15, body proportions are very similar to adulthood. • Social Development: • Socialisation: ability to behave in a manner that is accepted and approved by other people.

  17. Infancy • Motor Development: • The ability to control movement of a particular part of the body

  18. Adolescence • Transition between childhood and adulthood (starts approx 11+) • Puberty: time during which an adolescent develops sexual maturity (ability to reproduce) • Physical Development: • Adolescent growth spurt: rapid increase in height and weight (males: 13-16 , females: 11-14) • Growth in height, weight, heart & lungs etc. • Reproductive development: development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. • Social Development: • Transition to independence

More Related