Transgenic and Evolution

1. Transgenic and Evolution By Emily Norovsambuu

2. What is transgenic? • If a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species to unlike species. • GMO or GEO • An organism’s genetic material has been altered using genetic engeneering techniques • biological and medical research • production of pharmaceutical drug • experimental medicine • gene therapy • agriculture golden rice.

3. Agricultural purposes • There are a few experience that to transfer genetic material between two unlike species for agricultural purposes. • increase milk production • high growth rate • used selective breeding to produce animals that exhibit desired traits

4. What is transgenic use for? • Transgenic methods are useful tools • For in biology research • the mechanisms of human and other diseases • biological processes in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, • disease models • some medical research

5. How transgenic works? • Based on Watson and Crick discovery, biologist found out that the combination of different genes into an animal can be work only if the gene is inherited by offspring. • the discovery comes through in recombinant DNA, • genomic mapping • genetic cloning • analyze of gene expression • The basic principle in the production of transgenic animal is that the unfamiliar genes must be transmitted through • the germ line, so that every cell, including germ cells, of the animal contains the same modified DNA.

6. The technology has already produced transgenic animals • Mice (glo) • rats • rabbits • pigs • sheep • cows • monkeys

7. 3 method use produce transgenic animals • 1st DNA microinjection • absorb transfer of a single gene or a combination of genes that are recombined and then cloned from another member of the same species or from a different species into the pro-nucleus of a reproductive cell. • 2nd retrovirus-mediated gene transfer • vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell, produces chimera, an organism consisting of tissues or parts of diverse genetic constitution, altered animals with mixed DNA. • 3rdembryonic stem cell-mediated • requires live transgenic offspring to test the transgene and it can test transgenes for all cell stage.

8. Integrate of Chromosome • Normally transgene insert into one chromosome giving rise to heterozygous • 50 % of the gene can transfer to the offspring.

9. What is the negative side? • Farmers used growth hormones to encourage the development of animals, but they had a technique problem. • One of the big problems was residue ruins of the hormones remained in the animal product. • The achievement rate for transgenic is very low, but the successful transgenic animals need to be cloned or mated.