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This chapter explores the foundational aspects of human memory, focusing on encoding and storage mechanisms as investigated by Ebbinghaus in 1885. Using nonsense syllables, he introduced key concepts like savings, which illustrates how quickly we can relearn forgotten information. The Atkinson & Shiffrin model outlines a three-stage memory process, while Craik & Lockhart highlight the significance of depth of processing over rehearsal duration. Baddeley's work on working memory introduces concepts like the articulatory loop and visuospatial sketchpad, shedding light on how we manage and recall information effectively.
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Cognitive ProcessesPSY 334 Chapter 6 – Human Memory: Encoding and Storage
Ebbinghaus • First rigorous investigation of human memory – 1885. • Taught himself nonsense syllables • DAX, BUP, LOC • Savings – the amount of time needed to relearn a list after it has already been learned and forgotten. • Forgetting function – most forgetting takes place right away.
Memory Models • Atkinson & Shiffrin – proposed a three-stage model including: • Sensory store – if attended goes to STM • Short-term memory (STM) – if rehearsed goes to LTM • Long-term memory (LTM) • No longer the current view of memory. • Still presented in some books.
Criticisms of STM • Rate of forgetting seemed to be quicker than Ebbinghaus’s data, but is not really. • Amount of rehearsal appeared to be related to transfer to long-term memory. • Later it was found that the kind of rehearsal matters, not the amount. • Passive rehearsal does little to achieve long-term memory. • Information may go directly to LTM.
Depth of Processing • Craik & Lockhart – proposed that it is not how long material is rehearsed but the depth of processing that matters. • Levels of processing demo.
Working Memory • Baddeley – in working memory speed of rehearsal determines memory span. Articulatory loop – stores whatever can be processed in a given amount of time. • Word length effect: 4.5 one-syllable words remembered compared to 2.6 long ones. • 1.5 to 2 seconds material can be kept. • Visuopatial sketchpad – rehearses images. • Central executive – controls other systems.
Delayed Matching Task • Delayed Matching to Sample – monkey must recall where food was placed. • Monkeys with lesion to frontal cortex cannot remember food location. • Human infants can’t do it until 1 year old. • Regions of frontal cortex fire only during the delay – keeping location in mind. • Different prefrontal regions are used to remember different kinds of information.
