PLANNING ENGINEERING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1. Lecture#08 PLANNING ENGINEERING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT By Lec. Junaid Arshad DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

2. Topics Covered • CPM Calculations for AOA and AON Networks • Slack Time / Float • Critical Path, Critical Activity • Practice Problems

3. CPM Calculations for AON Network • Provides activity information • Early start (ES) & late start (LS) • Early finish (EF) & late finish (LF) • Slack (S) / Float (FL) • Identifies critical path

4. Forward and Backward Pass Forward pass is a technique to move forward through network diagram. Backward pass is its opposite. Early Start (ES) and Early Finish (EF) use the forward pass technique. Late Start (LS) and Late Finish (LF) use the backward pass technique. Note: If the float of the activity is zero, the two starts (ES and LS) and the two finish (EF and LF) are the same. Hence, If float of activity is zero, ES = LS and EF = LF.

5. Early Start and Early Finish Steps • Begin at starting event and work forward • ES = 0 for starting activities • ES is earliest start • EF = ES + Activity time • EF is earliest finish • ES = Maximum EF of all predecessors for non- starting activities

6. Late Start and Late Finish Steps • Begin at ending event and work backward • LF = Maximum EF for ending activities • LF is latest finish; EF is earliest finish • LS = LF - Activity time • LS is latest start • LF = Minimum LS of all successors for non-ending activities

7. Activity Name Earliest Start Earliest Finish ES EF Latest Start LS LF Activity Duration AON Network Calculations Latest Finish

8. Problem 04 CPM Calculations for an AON Network

9. Slack Time/Float Slack Timeis the amount of time an activity may be delayed without affecting the project deadline. This is also referred as float. • Total Slack Time / Total Float: Time shared among more than one activity. • Free Slack Time /Free Float: Time associated with a single activity.

10. Critical Activity An activity having zero slack time is called critical activity. The concept of critical activities is that it draws the attention of the project manager to the activities that needs the closest monitoring. Any delay of a critical activity leads to an equivalent delay of the total project.

11. Critical Path A path having longest duration (completion time) in the network is called critical path. • Shortest time project can be completed • Any delay on critical path activities, delays project • Critical path activities have zero slack

12. Explanation of Total Float Total Float is valid for a chain and not for a single activity. In the under discussion example, C and G have a float of 06 days. This means that the sum of delays for C and G may run up to 06 days without affecting the project finish time. Analysis of float is a particularly neat tool for calculating consequences of schedule variance.

13. Assume the following data with respect to schedule (for problem 04) • B will be delayed by 04 days • D will be delayed by 01 day • E will be delayed by 05 days • G will be delayed by 03 days

14. It is recognized that D is critical, hence a delay of at least one day to the overall project is unavoidable. Activity G has a float of 06 days. Since no other activity on that chain has a delay, the float will accommodate the 03 day delay of G.

15. Further, B and E are both on the same chain. The float along the chain is 07 days and the total delay is 4+5=9 days. This means a 02 day delay of the project. In conclusion, the project will be delayed by 02 days and B-E-H will be the new critical path. A-D will have a float of one, and C-G a float of 04.

16. CPM Calculations for AON Network CPM calculation for AON Network is same as for AOA network, but the calculation of events is omitted.

17. Problem 05: General Hospital’s Activities and Predecessors

18. A C F F 0 2 2 4 4 7 H H H A 2 C 4 13 0 2 10 2 2 3 E H Slack=0 Slack=0 Slack=6 4 8 13 15 0 0 H F H H Start 8 4 15 13 0 0 4 2 0 Slack=0 Start B D G B D G 0 3 3 7 8 13 H H H 4 8 13 1 4 8 3 4 5 Slack=1 Slack=1 Slack=0 AON Network for General Hospital Includes Critical Path Slack=0

19. Critical Path for General Hospital F A C E Start H B D G

20. Explanation of Free Float Consider slack time of activity F. Delaying this activity decreases only its slack time and does not impact the slack time of any other activity. This type of slack time is referred as free slack / free float.

21. GENERAL HOSPITAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 1415 16 A Build internal components B Modify roof and floor C Construct collection stack D Pour concrete and install frame E Build high-temperature burner F Install pollution control system G Install air pollution device H Inspect and test Gantt Chart for General Hospital Early Start and Finish

22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 1415 16 A Build internal components B Modify roof and floor C Construct collection stack D Pour concrete and install frame E Build high-temperature burner F Install pollution control system G Install air pollution device H Inspect and test Gantt Chart for General Hospital Late Start and Finish GENERAL HOSPITAL

23. Problem 06 Table for Network Scheduling

24. Problem 06Solution - AOA Method

25. Early Event Time (TE)

26. Finding TE Values

27. Late Event Time (TL)

28. Finding TL Values

29. Critical Path

30. Activity Scheduling • An activity’s early starting time equals the TE of its beginning event: ES = TE. • An activity’s late finishing time equals the TL for its ending event: LF = TL. • From these, Two times are computed using the expected activity completion time t: Early finishing time: EF = ES + t. Late starting time: LS = LF - t.

31. Problem 06Solution - AOA Method Scheduled Times must fall between ES and LF and allow at least time t to complete.

32. Problem 07 CPM Calculations for an AOA Network

33. Problem 08 Table for Network Scheduling

34. Q&A