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1.1 サンプリングによる測定 • 電気通信普及財団 テレコムシステム技術賞2010年3月15日 授賞式 • T. Mori, T. Takine, J. Pan, R. Kawahara. M. Uchida, and S. Goto, Identifying Heavy-Hitter Flows From Sampled Flow Statistics,IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. E90-B, No.11, pp. 3061--3072, Nov. 2007. • 電子情報通信学会 論文賞2009年5月29日 授賞式
1.2 End-to-end の測定方法 • Introduction • Background and Motivation • Applications • Overview of i-Path • Data Collection • New Software • More Applications • Conclusion
The Goal of i-Path project • Accessible Information between the hosts • Observing the information disclosure policy of all stakeholders along the path
Introduction Background Growing demand for backbone bandwidth • Because of … • Observe the information disclosure policy • Status of network depends on variety of factors Network performance fluctuation (e.g. throughput) • Routers keep rich information • Routing table, Link utilization • Temperature, Location, Contact point, Supply voltage etc. Not easy to collect right information and to utilize information along the path
Introduction Motivation • Disclosing information leads to improved End-to-End visibility • Monitoring network status • Reporting events and troubleshooting • Reduction in operational cost • End-to-End visibility provides benefit to end hosts and network operators • Providing transparency of underlying networks
Introduction Applications Enhanced Congestion Control Best peer selection in P2P communication applications Adjust optimal bit rate in VoD Dynamic network configuration (e.g. according to Time zones) Selection of the appropriate path(e.g. Not violating policies related to content management)
Overview Data Collection • Explicit Network Information Collection Along a Path • SIRENS *(Simple Internet Resource Notification Scheme) • Based on the cross layer approach • Bottleneck bandwidth • Interface queue capacity • Corruption losses etc. • Scalable network information measurement * K. Nakauchi and K. Kobayashi. An explicit routerfeedback framework for high bandwidth-delay productnetworks. Computer Networks, 51(7):1833–1846, 2007.
Overview Structure of shim-header Inserted between the network and transport headers
Overview Information Disclosure • Prohibit to access some Information on routers • Unwilling to disclose inside network status • Security • Cost • Each ISP has a disclosure policy • End hosts have their disclosure policy Negotiation: requests and responses OK to Disclose? OK to Disclose? OK to Disclose?
Observing Information Disclosure Policies Selective requests and responses • Policy:Alice & Bob allow to disclose beyond 3rd hop router. • Implementation: • Alice does not send req. for her neighbor & the next neighbor routers, i.e.,1st & 2nd hops. • Bob does not send back res. same as Alice, i.e., 6th & 7th hops. • Results: • Alice obtains 3-5 hops data. • Bob obtains 3-7 hops data
TCP Data TCP Data TCP Data TCP Data TCP Data TCP Data New Software Tools xml (a) Send a SIRENS request packet (b) Receive the request packet and reply Receiver Sender i-Path Router (c) Receive the reply packet and make xml files Developed software
Snapshot of the Visualization Tool • Dark colored (Blue) routers • Data Collection: Enabled • Gray colored routers • Data Collection: Not enabled or Not Exist
More applications Network Threat Detection S.Nogami, A.Shimoda and S.Goto, Detection of DDoS attacks by i-Path flow analysis, (in Japanese, to appear) 72nd National Convention of IPSJ, Mar. 2010. DDoSPackets destination: TARGET Source IP Address: Spoofed IP Address TARGET IPaddress : X.X.X.X Internet BackScatter Packets destination: Spoofed IP Address Source: TARGET Attackers extraneous hosts/servers
More applications NAT traversal Different kind of NATs: full cone, restricted cone, port restricted cone, symmetric K.Tobe, A.Shimoda and S.Goto, NAT traversal with transparent routers,(in Japanese, to appear) 72nd National Convention of IPSJ, Mar. 2010 symmetric NAT
Current Status and Future Plans • i-Path project wikihttp://i-path.goto.info.waseda.ac.jp/trac/i-Path/ • Dai Mochinaga, Katsushi Kobayashi, Shigeki Goto, Akihiro Shimoda, and Ichiro Murase, Collecting Information to Visualize Network Status, 28thAPAN Network Research Workshop, pp.1—4, 2009. • Network application utilizing collected information • Demonstration on R&D testbed: JGN in Japan • Demonstration at SC09, Portland, OR, Nov. 2009
1.2 Conclusion • We proposed new method disclosing network information • i-Path • Offering end-to-end visibility, transparency • Observing privacy protection • Respecting disclosure policy
2.1 異常トラフィックの抽出 • Analyze packet by packet • Limitation of simple packet analysis • Malicious activities—in normal packets • DoS (Denial of Service) attack • Port Scan
Flow Analysis and Protocol Machine • Flow — a sequence of packets • Source and destination IP address (or AS#) • Port numbers (application) • Valid flow and Invalid flow • A flow is classified by the protocol machine.
Flow Analysis and Protocol Machine • The original protocol machine for TCP • Defined in RFC 793 • Deterministic automaton • Our new extended protocol machine • Non-deterministic automaton • It covers packet losses and duplicated packets.
2.1 異常トラフィックの抽出An Improved Protocol Machine for Flow Analysis and Network Monitoring Heshmatollah Khosravi, Masaki Fukushima and Shigeki GOTO , “An Improved TCP Protocol Machine for Flow Analysis and Network Monitoring”, IEICE Transaction, Vol.E86-B No.2 pp.595-603, February, 2004.
Protocol machine — Finite states • Formally defined specification e.g. RFC793. • Finite state automaton (automata) • Well established method in mathematics • Packets are treated as input symbols. • An automaton accepts a sequence of packets, if it matches the specification of the protocol, i.e. TCP.
The original machine in RFC793 • RFC793 state diagram:transition with • Two packets • One packet • Zero packet • Automaton & TCP specification • One packet
The extended machine • Two machines are used for a client and a server. • One packet at a time • New states are inserted. • Invisible transitions (ε) • Internal operations in the machine • No packets are associated.
Two Machines • RFC793 Model:state diagram of an end node • A client or • A server • In our Analysis:Two machines are needed • A client & A server
One Packet at a-time • one packet is sent, and the response is sent back • A transition with two input symbols Adding a new state RecvSYN Recv/Send a new state SendSYN ACK
Invisible transitions • Internal operation of the machine • Passive Open: just is in LISTEN state • no packets are associated Indicating ε-move Passive Open ε εmeans empty.
Invisible transitions (2) • Internal operation of the machine • CLOSE : Close( ) system call on a socket • no packets are associated Indicating ε-move CLOSE ε ε means empty.
The extended machine • One transition is associated with either: • Only one packet • Empty (ε-move) • A client and a server • Direct product of the two machines
Classification of flows (1) • Valid Flow : • Sequence of packets that can be mapped to the set of input symbols ∑ of protocol machine. It starts with SYN, and end normal with ACK_of_FINor RST. • Invalid Flow : • Sequence of packets that can not be mapped to the set of input symbols ∑ of protocol machine. It starts with SYN, but dose not continue to end due to packets getting lost, dropped, truncated etc.
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