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07-T061 Getting the best use of CCTV in the Railways

07-T061 Getting the best use of CCTV in the Railways. Presentation Outline. Project Objectives Project Teams Overall Context Project Phases and Deliverables Survey of Existing CCTV Systems New and Emerging Technologies Academic Research Commercial Systems Proposed Pilot Projects

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07-T061 Getting the best use of CCTV in the Railways

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  1. 07-T061Getting the best use of CCTV in the Railways London 08/August/2003

  2. Presentation Outline • Project Objectives • Project Teams • Overall Context • Project Phases and Deliverables • Survey of Existing CCTV Systems • New and Emerging Technologies • Academic Research • Commercial Systems • Proposed Pilot Projects • Conclusions London 08/August/2003

  3. Project Objectives Project commissioned by RSSB: • To identify how CCTV systems are currently used in the railways sector, especially in relation to Route Crime. • To identify how the existing systems can be better utilised. • To review the state-of-the-art in academic research and commercial systems in emerging technologies for advanced CCTV surveillance. • To propose specific Pilot Projects through which to assess such emergent technologies. • To involve stakeholders (TOCs, BTP, Network Rail, etc.) London 08/August/2003

  4. Project Teams • Kingston University’s Digital Imaging Research Centre (lead contractor). Expertise in intelligent video surveillance systems. Technical coordinator of EU “PRISMATICA” project. • Mott MacDonald. Multidisciplinary world-wide consultants with particular expertise in telecommunications and transport systems. • Ipsotek Ltd. Manufacturer of advanced video surveillance systems for the public transport sector. • University of Reading. Specialists in video processing systems. London 08/August/2003

  5. Overall Context • People's safety and security, crime and disorder on public transport and the protection of assets are growing concerns across the world for transport operators and providers. • Rapid increase in the use of CCTV for monitoring safety and security of transportation systems • Conventional CCTV systems need significant labour resources to be effective. So, they tend to be used reactively. • “Intelligent” CCTV systems allow pro-active monitoring, effective use of staff and easier evidence gathering. • Such systems need to be evaluated carefully in the railways. London 08/August/2003

  6. Main Project Phases • Survey of existing CCTV Systems (visits to representative UK-wide sites, postal survey). • Analysis of current state of academic research into advanced CCTV systems. • Analysis of emerging advanced CCTV commercial systems. • Identification of possible key Pilot Projects to assess the impact of advanced CCTV systems in the railways sector. • Final presentation of results. London 08/August/2003

  7. Project Deliverables • “Existing CCTV Systems – Volume 1”: Summarises the information that has been obtained from a combination of site and postal surveys A high-level synopsis of the current status of rail CCTV systems is given, together with summary findings highlighting particular areas of possible improvements. • “Existing CCTV Systems – Volume 2”: The individual survey reports that provide more descriptive information related to the locations surveyed. Full data on the results obtained from the postal survey. London 08/August/2003

  8. Project Deliverables • “New and Emerging Technologies”: This document reviews both the current industrial and academic state-of-the-art in advanced systems, with reference to possible applications in the railways sector. • “Advanced CCTV Pilot Project Proposals”: From the outputs of the survey and the analysis of the state-of-the-art, this document identifies a set of three key possible pilot projects to be conducted in the railway sector with a view to evaluating the potential impact and cost effectiveness of recent advances in CCTV monitoring systems. London 08/August/2003

  9. Survey of Existing CCTV Systems • The Mott MacDonald Role • Overview of Surveys • Purpose of CCTV Systems • What is currently available - cameras, monitoring and recording equipment • Secure Stations Scheme • Comparisons between national CCTV systems • Areas for improvement London 08/August/2003

  10. The Mott MacDonald Role Review of current CCTV systems on the Rail Network • Major Stations • Small Stations • On-Board • Depots • Centralised Monitoring • Leading to potential improvement areas for: • Equipment (hardware) • Management/Procedural aspects London 08/August/2003

  11. UK Mainland Site Survey (1) This slide is intentionally blank London 08/August/2003

  12. UK Mainland Site Survey (2) This slide is intentionally blank London 08/August/2003

  13. CCTV Surveillance - Why? CCTV equipment may be used for a number of different purposes, including: • Prevent, deter and detect crime • Investigation purposes • Apprehension & prosecution of offenders • Public and employee safety • Security monitoring of premises • General surveillance Without a thorough understanding of the purpose of the scheme, establishing its effectiveness will be difficult to determine. London 08/August/2003

  14. Signage Signs should be placed to ensure that the public are aware they are entering an area which is covered by CCTV surveillance Identity of person (organisation) responsible for scheme. Contact details Purpose London 08/August/2003

  15. CCTV Cameras - Types Typically “Fixed” or “PTZ” The station environment can impact upon the camera hardware Many older stations have “listed building” and “conservation” status for specific areas. Such restrictions must be seriously considered when selecting cameras. London 08/August/2003

  16. Colour vs. Monochrome Postal survey statistics: • Number Stations (B&W systems) = 6 /60 • Number of B&W Cameras = 30 / 889 Whilst 10% of stations included within the survey had B&W systems, the total number of B&W cameras equates to <4% London 08/August/2003

  17. Fixed vs. PTZ Postal survey statistics: • Number Stations with PTZ = 39 / 60 • Number of PTZ Cameras = 147 / 889 • 65% of stations included within the survey have PTZ cameras, the total number of PTZ cameras equates to 17% • Of the 39 stations that have PTZ cameras 8 of these had 100% coverage via PTZ type, whereas the remainder were a combination of fixed and PTZ Site Survey Observations: • Stations in Scotland have full station coverage using fixed cameras, with an additional 1 or 2 PTZ’s giving more flexibility to the Central Monitoring Room staff. London 08/August/2003

  18. CCTV Cameras - Siting When siting cameras, issues to be considered: • Coverage of areas to be monitored • Privacy implications • Ambient lighting conditions • Effect of Artificial lighting • Accessibility for maintenance • Obstructions • Ensure inaccessibility to vandalism London 08/August/2003

  19. Siting Examples (1) High ambient light levels behind subject reduces ability to identify a subject. The pictures on the right show the same view seen from two perspectives: 1. Photograph taken underneath the camera location 2. What the camera “sees” from this angle. London 08/August/2003

  20. Siting Examples (2) The type of lighting in this platform area results in a “yellowish” hue – highlighted by the effect upon the colour test card. Obstruction results in restrictions to field of vision - in this case a Ticket Office window. London 08/August/2003

  21. Recording Media VCR - Analogue Tapes Digital Audio Tape - DAT Digital Hard Drive London 08/August/2003

  22. Recording Media Statistics Postal Survey statistics: • Number Stations with VCR recording 37 / 60 • Number Stations with DAT recording 8 / 60 • Number Stations with DVRU recording 10 / 60 Site Survey statistics: • Number Stations with VCR recording 4 / 8 • Number Stations with DAT recording 1 / 8 • Number Stations with DVRU recording 1 / 8 For the two remaining stations in the survey, 1 was a DVR/DAT combination and the other was a VCR/digital backup combination. London 08/August/2003

  23. Non ergonomic approach Ad hoc staffing arrangements Conflict in tasks for staff Local Monitoring Advantages • Visibility of monitoring provides level of customer re-assurance Disadvantages London 08/August/2003

  24. Centralised Monitoring • Purpose built control rooms • Dedicated trained staff • No other tasks • Number of cameras per operator more cost effective London 08/August/2003

  25. Secure Stations Scheme (1) This is a national scheme launched back in April 1998 and covers all over-ground and underground rail stations in England, Scotland and Wales. Incorporates a variety of security measures, including: • Secure fencing • Good lighting • Clear signage and information to passengers • CCTV coverage • Staff deployment and training • Passenger perception, i.e surveys London 08/August/2003

  26. Secure Stations Scheme (2) Design • Camera Location • Alarming the CCTV • Integrated Help Points • Lighting • Passenger involvement • Passenger surveys Passenger Perceptions Station Management • CCTV surveillance of staff • Use of PA system • Securing passenger property • Maintenance • Record of incidents • Identifying trends • Response to incidents Managing Crime London 08/August/2003

  27. Image Quality Focus Colour Balance Contrast CCTV Set-up Parameters Compression Values Lighting Tx Bandwidth VCR Tapes Third Party Influences Quality of CCTV Peripheral Media Monitors Maintenance London 08/August/2003

  28. Poor Image Quality A black and white system showing an external camera giving an overview of a platform area. Just about suitable for passenger flows, but unlikely to provide any evidential purposes for identifying individuals. London 08/August/2003

  29. Good Image Quality Daytime Playback Night-time Playback The area highlighted by the red circle clearly highlights the importance after high-quality after-dark lighting. The colour of the plant-box appears the same both during the day and at night. London 08/August/2003

  30. On-Board Advantages • Reactive monitoring of passengers within carriages • Potential deterrent to vandals / improved customer journey experience • Provides a complete journey recording from a passengers starting to finishing station Disadvantages • Limited camera coverage within carriage • Limited hard disk recording capacity • Accessibility of recording medium • Availability of locations for downloading recorded images London 08/August/2003

  31. Comparisons Railway Systems Motorway Systems Both are National Networks providing Surveillance & Security CCTV London 08/August/2003

  32. Dependent upon recorded material and its quality Unable to influence events. All actions are post event Possibility of recordings being “overwritten” in the case of late reporting of incident/s Real time Possibility to influence event and subsequent events Actions can be pre, during and post event Intelligent software can “learn” from analysis of previous similar incidents Monitoring (1) Reactive Proactive London 08/August/2003

  33. Monitoring (2) Reactive - Railway Proactive - Motorway London 08/August/2003

  34. Ergonomics (1) The computer on the right is used to control the CCTV. Users have to rotate through 180° to view the CCTV images that they have selected. The CCTV at this location is used for security and passenger flow monitoring. London 08/August/2003

  35. Ergonomics (2) The CCTV monitors relate directly to the level crossing controls below. Their positioning allows them to view mimic in the background which is periodically checked by users. London 08/August/2003

  36. Areas for Improvement • Set minimum maintenance standards • Review camera locations • Review operator training • Enhance quality control procedures • Improved operator ergonomics • Links to station clock • Monitor text insertion • Provision of de-gaussing equipment London 08/August/2003

  37. Reference Information 1. DETR Secure Stations Scheme “Guidelines for Operators” 2. “Safe and Sure” - A “quick wins” agenda for Britains Railways Proposals by “Soroptimist International”a Rail Safety Task Force www.soroptimist-see.org.uk 3. UK Parliament Select Committee on Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Survey of CCTV systems by the Train Operating Companies. www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk 4. “It will be 2087 before Britain’s Stations are Safe” Figures obtained by the Liberal Democrats from the DfT regarding “Secure Stations” . www.libdems.org.uk London 08/August/2003

  38. Emerging Technologies: Research • Introduction • Typical Application Scenario • Requirements for a Surveillance System • What has been Achieved? • Limitations of Current Systems • Emerging Research Areas • Specific Transportation Example • What Needs to be Done? • Main Findings London 08/August/2003

  39. Introduction • Overall aim of automated visual (video) surveillance is automatic interpretation of scenes • Automatic event detection based on the information acquired by the sensors (CCTV cameras) • The understanding and prediction of behaviours and interactions • Typical unusual events to be detected in railway scenario include movement within a forbidden zone (e.g. on a track), the detection of vandalism, and the recognition of aggressive behaviour • Challenging research domain for computational vision London 08/August/2003

  40. Areas with Cameras Areas with Cameras Typical Application Scenario HCI Network (Railway) HCI Zone (Group of Stations) Zone HCI Sector (Group of Platforms) Sector (Group of Platforms) Sector (Group of Platforms) Area London 08/August/2003

  41. Typical Surveillance Scene London 08/August/2003

  42. Emerging Technologies: Hardware Camera Calibration Scene Modelling Capture Motion Detection Event Detection People Tracking Behaviour Recognition KEY Offline Main Module Archive, Search & Retrieval Video XML Human Computer Interface London 08/August/2003

  43. Emerging Technologies: Software Camera Calibration Scene Modelling Capture Motion Detection Event Detection People Tracking Behaviour Recognition KEY Offline Main Module Archive, Search & Retrieval Video XML Human Computer Interface London 08/August/2003

  44. Requirements for a Surveillance System • Accurate event detection and behavioural analysis tuned to target application (context-specific knowledge) • Robustness in terms of being able to operate for extended periods of time (software and hardware) • Operate in (quasi-) real-time • Adaptable in terms of a “plug and play” architecture • Easy installation and maintenance • Construction (integration) using off-the-shelf components • Efficient storage, querying and retrieval of recorded events (network infrastructure and transmission) London 08/August/2003

  45. What has been Achieved? • Recent, rapid proliferation of camera-based monitoring • Imaging, architectures and integrated systems • Distributed (multiple) cameras and distributed monitoring • Novel imaging modalities (e.g. catadoptric – camera & mirror) • Static installations (incl. PTZ) and mobile platforms • Event detection, people tracking and dynamic scene interpretation • Basic event detection, classification, and tracking of individuals under constrained scenarios • Classification of trajectories and simple patterns of activity • Recognition of global events (e.g. overcrowding) • Recognition of simple behaviours and interactions (e.g. vandalism) based upon pre-defined semantics • Attempt at quantitative performance evaluation London 08/August/2003

  46. Limitations of Current Systems • Current generation relatively “unintelligent” • Many systems designed for use offline (reactive), or for simple event monitoring • Few systems able to perform complex reasoning and understand all interactions between people and their environment • Functionality tends to be limited • Small number of cameras monitored simultaneously • Camera installations often generate poor quality imagery • Further hampered by transmission using proprietary analogue systems • Significant divide between what is claimed by research community and what is actually endorsed by authoritative users London 08/August/2003

  47. Emerging Research Areas • Development of robust, real-time computer vision algorithms • Minimal manual reconfiguration (operates 24/7/52) with online re-calibration • Automatic adaptation to variable environments • Illumination change: day, night, shadows; rain, wind, snow etc. • Scene geometry • Scene activity • Performance Evaluation • Advanced AI techniques for scene interpretation (activity recognition) • Cognitive visual surveillance • Threat assessment • Design of application-independent platform • Adaptable to any new application (with dedicated knowledge base) • Plug-and-play architecture with multiple, networked sensors London 08/August/2003

  48. Emerging Research Areas “The daily cycle of a passenger involves passing between different public environments. Such people spaces may one day be populated with multiple vision-based services offering a range of access, information, safety, monitoring, navigation or surveillance services which actively or passively support the activities of passengers within each environment, and promote the collective well-being of these passenger spaces.” “To realise this vision, surveillance systems of the future demand distributed, network infrastructures, greater robustness and adaptation in their vision algorithms, integration with multimodal interfaces, and real-time operation delivering an increased level of sophistication in their semantic output”. London 08/August/2003

  49. Specific Transportation Example • ADVISOR system (EU IST 2001-2003) • Project examined safety and security of people and assets • Multicamera CCTV to monitor and track passengers in metro stations • Image processing for event detection and classification • Early warning of hazardous situations (e.g. overcrowding) • Learnt behaviours of individuals and crowds which are of interest to operators • Accumulate statistics for safe operation of transport network • Archiving of video and tools developed for creation, maintenance and querying of digital database • Extraction of passenger behaviour after incidents have occurred • Implemented on standard PC workstations in open and scalable architecture London 08/August/2003

  50. The ADVISOR System Monitor Multi camera tracking, behaviour recognition, annotation and alarm management Capture, annotation, event detection and scene filtering Alert and feedback Cameras HCI with alert and feedback mechanism to optimise Annotated digital video storage for optimised retrieval Search, retrieval and playback facility London 08/August/2003

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