PSY 321 Dr. Sanchez Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup Bias

1. PSY 321Dr. SanchezStereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup Bias

2. The Self-fulfilling Prophecy as a Three-Step Process

3. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) • Teachers were told that, on the basis of an IQ test, a certain group of students was on the verge of an intellectual spurt • This group of students was randomly chosen • Test was bogus • 8 months later, this group of • Students actually outperformed • others on an IQ test

4. Racial Profiling as a Self-fulfilling Prophecy

5. What is the state of intergroup bias in the U.S.? “Not everybody’s life is what they make it. Some people’s life is what other people make it.” - Alice Walker

6. Racism: Healthcare • Black and Latino cardiac patients less likely to receive appropriate heart medicine • Less likely to undergo coronary bypass surgery • Less likely to receive dialysis or kidney transplant • Receive lower quality basic clinical services

7. Racism: Hiring(Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2003) • Sent 5000 phantom applications to job ads in Boston & Chicago • Resumes were identical, EXCEPT: • RACE WAS VARIED by use of NAMES (Tamika vs Kristin; Tyrone vs Brad) • Results?

8. Racism: Mortgage Discrimination • White people are far more likely than Black people to be granted mortgage loans • This effect cannot be “explained away” statistically by differences

9. Sexism: Pay Inequity • In 2003, women who worked full-time made __ cents for every dollar a man made. • Asian women: 75 cents • White women: 70 cents • Black women: 63 cents • Native women: 57 cents • Latina women: 52 cents • These differences cannot be explained away….

10. What Is a Social Group? • Two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics: • Direct interactions with each other over a period of time. • Joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes. • A shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals.

11. Defining Important Terms • Stereotypes: COGNITIONS/BELIEFS • Prejudice: AFFECT/EMOTIONS • Discrimination: BEHAVIORS

12. Perceiving Groups: Three Reactions

13. A CLASS DIVIDEDSocial Categorization:Jane Elliot’s Class Exercise Blue Eyes vs. Brown Eyes

14. How Stereotypes Form: In-groups vs. Out-groups • We have a strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups. • Benefits • Consequences • outgroup homogeneity effect

15. Why Are Out-groups Seen As Homogeneous?

16. Minimal Groups = categorizing persons on the basis of trivial info Ps watch a coin toss that randomly assigned them to X or W “Overestimators” vs. “Underestimators” Social CategorizationTajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm

17. General Findings Social CategorizationTajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm

18. Social Identity Theory

19. Social Identity Theory • Basic Predictions: • 1) Threats to SE = need for ingroup favoritism • 2) Ingroup favoritism = repairs SE

20. Stereotypes

21. Definitions • What is a stereotype? • beliefs about characteristics of group members e.g., professor absent-minded reads books drinks coffee wears glasses

22. Stereotype Content • Gender: Agency-Communion

23. Gendered Scripts = Example Sexual Agency

24. Stereotype Content • Warm-Competence Women Homeless People Rich The Elderly

25. The Stereotype Content Model(Fiske et al., 2002) • Two fundamental dimensions: warmth & competence • Positive Stereotypes • Negative Stereotypes • MIXED: • Paternalistic stereotypes (high warmth/low competence) • e.g., elderly, disabled people, some gender stereotypes • Envious stereotypes (low warmth/high competence) • Asians, Jews • The 4 different combinations of warmth and competence are associated with different intergroup emotions

26. Stereotype Content Model(Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 1999; 2002) • Low competence, Low warmth -> Contempt • Low competence, High warmth -> Pity • High competence, Low warmth -> Envy • High competence, High warmth -> Pride

27. How Stereotypes Survive: Attributions • Attributional biases can perpetuate stereotypes. • Fundamental attribution error revisited.

28. How Stereotypes Survive:Subtyping and Contrast Effects • Illusory Correlations, Selective Memory • Stereotypes stubbornly survive disconfirmation through “subtyping.” • If behavior varies considerably from expectations, the perceived difference may be magnified. • Contrast effect • “Hilary Clinton” effect

29. How Stereotypes Survive: Confirmation Biases • Stereotypes are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases. • The stereotype creates a “self-fulfilling prophecy.”

30. Stereotype: Black men are dangerous • Is it a weapon (Correll et al., 2002)? • Subjects played video game (see p. 149 of text for picture) • IVs: • Race of target • Target is holding weapon or harmless object • DVs: Pushed “shoot” or “don’t shoot” button

31. Stereotype: Black men are dangerous • Results: • Subjects mistook harmless objects for guns when held by black targets • In other words, subjects biases caused them to “confirm” their expectations

32. “White men can’t jump”Stone et al., 1997 • Subjects listened to same basketball game • IV: Subjects were led to believe player was black or white • DV: How athletic was the player? How “court smart” was the player?

33. “White Men Can’t Jump”?

34. Stereotypes as (Sometimes) Automatic • Devine (1989): We become highly aware of the contents of many stereotypes through sociocultural mechanisms. • Automatic • Can influence behavior even when do not consciously endorse the stereotype.

35. What Factors Can Influence Stereotype Activation? • Amount of exposure to the stereotype. • The kind and amount of information the perceiver encounters. • The perceiver’s motivational goals.

36. Self-esteem Threats and StereotypingSinclair & Kunda, 1999 • White subjects received feedback on performance from a doctor: • Doctor was Black or White • Feedback was positive or negative • Completed “unrelated” measure of automatic stereotyping

37. Motivated Stereotype Inhibition and Activation

38. Are Stereotypes Ever Accurate? • What is meant by “accurate”? • “kernel of truth” • But what does “kernel of truth” reflect? Traits or social structure? • Even when based on reality, tend to exaggerate differences and understate similarities between groups. • Stereotyping is a dynamic process – stereotypes change over time.

39. Overcoming Stereotypes • How much personal information do we have about someone? • What is our cognitive ability to focus on an individual member of a stereotyped group? • What is our motivation level to form an accurate impression of someone?

40. Prejudice: The emotional component • Competition-based prejudice • Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice

41. Realistic Conflict Theory • The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

42. Competition for Limited Resources • Realistic Conflict Theory • scarce resources -------> members of in-group feel threatened • People feel a sense of “relative deprivation” • feeling threatened -------> prejudice and discrimination

43. Example 1 (Hovland & Sears) cotton & lynchings in South (1882-1930) as cotton prices went down (i.e., scarce resources), number of lynchings of Black people increased Example 2 Jewish Holocaust As German economy worsened, Jewish people were scapegoated, resented, killed. Realistic Conflict Theory

44. Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues) Realistic Conflict Theory

45. Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues) Boy Scout Camp (Eagles vs Rattlers) Strengthened cohesiveness w/in group in first week Enhanced competition btw groups in second week Resources were source of conflict How was conflict restored???? Realistic Conflict Theory

46. Forms of Prejudice • Components of Consciousness • Awareness • Explicit = aware • Implicit = unaware • Control • Intentional – deliberative (controllable) • Automatic – no control (involuntary) • Limited energy & cognitive resources • Extremely rapid

47. Explicit Attitudes Operate at conscious level Best measured by traditional, self-report measures Implicit Attitudes Function in an unconscious & unintentional manner How do we measure??

48. How Can Implicit Racism Be Detected and Measured? • Use reaction times to measure associations between race and positive/negative words • Fazio et al.’s (1995) bona fide pipeline measure. • see face, then respond to good/bad words • Greenwald et al.’s (1998) Implicit Association Test (IAT) • Pair faces with good/bad words • fMRI and amygdala activation

49. Some Explicit Measures of Prejudice • Ambivalent Sexism • Modern Racism • (There are many more…)

50. Ambivalent Sexism(Glick & Fiske) • Consists of two elements: • Hostile sexism, characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, values and ability to challenge men’s power. • Benevolent sexism, characterized by affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection. • A person can be both a benevolent and a hostile sexist