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– RRSSC Experience

Weather, Climate, Locust Outbreaks and Their Migration . – RRSSC Experience . J. R. SHARMA HEAD RRSSC, ISRO JODHPUR ( INDIA). Indian Locust Control Experience. History of locust control in India (RS perspective).

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– RRSSC Experience

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  1. Weather, Climate, Locust Outbreaks and Their Migration – RRSSC Experience J. R. SHARMA HEAD RRSSC, ISRO JODHPUR ( INDIA)

  2. Indian Locust Control Experience

  3. History of locust control in India (RS perspective) RS based NDVI started in 1987 using NOAA AVHRR data for the scheduled desert area of India at 15 days interval. 1988 onwards using NOAA and IRS LISS I data. LISS I data at monthly interval for detailed status in high frequency breeding areas. Installation of 24 rain gauge stations for rainfall data and to estimate soil moisture at different locations. 1995 onwards using IRS WiFS data for the entire locust season to map high dynamic desert vegetation. Some efforts are made to map soil moisture under undulated desert terrain using ERS/SAR data in 1992-93.

  4. Scheduled desert of India Major invasion:1973, 1978, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1998 Total area = 2,05,785 sq km Rajasthan = 1,79,250 sq km (87.10 %) Gujarat = 23,078 sq km (11.21 % ) Haryana = 3457 sq km (01.68 % )

  5. Location of locust outposts and rain gauge stations Ramgarh, Mohangarh, Sam, Jaisalmer, Gadra Road, Balotra, Chotan, Pugal, Lunkaransar, Sardarsahar, Churu, Kolayat, Nokha, Sikar, Nokh, Phalodi, Pokran, Shergarh, Nagaur, Didwana, Jalore, Sanchore, Tharad, Bhuj. Total number of outposts = 24

  6. Ground data availability (From Locust Warning Organisation, MOA, GOI) • Locust information • Adult population • Location of availability • Male and female population • Body color • Eye stripes • Red mites • Week wise maximum population of desert locust • Migratory locust population • Rainfall data • Daily rainfall data • Feeding preference • Ephemeral vegetation • (Sewan grass, Ghati, Bui…) • Moulting preference • Ker plant is an excellent medium for moulting.

  7. Legend Maximum Medium Moderate Less/Very.Less Barren / Dry IRS - 1C WiFS 15.10.2000 IRS - 1C WiFS 14.11.2000 Biomass monitoring

  8. Max. Veg. Med. Veg. Mod. Veg. Less Veg. Barren / Dry Cloud Possible direction of migration of locusts (Wind direction overlaid on NDVI) Legend Wind direction IRS 1C- WiFS DOP: 03.9.2000

  9. Sensor: WiFS DOP: 07.01.2000 Sensor: WiFS DOP: 03.09.2000 Sensor: WiFS DOP: 14.11.2000 Sensor: WiFS DOP: 15.10.2000 Maximum Vegetation Medium Vegetation Moderate Vegetation Less/V.Less Vegetation Barren / Dry Cloud Monitoring of vegetation density (Western Rajasthan)

  10. How the risk zone map is used • The gridded risk zone maps are analyzed for only very high, high and medium risk zones. • Name of the places (outposts) falling in the above three classes are recorded. • Surveillance schedule (2/3 types) based upon the output. • On foot ( 5 km circle ) • On vehicle (75 km circle) • Long tour ( 5 -10 days ) • Search for locusts, if the population is high control measures are taken by respective zone as per wireless message. • Control of hoppers for maximizing the efficiency. • Idea about egg laying sites from the abundance of adult population in the recent rainfall areas.

  11. Village & District boundary Vegetation density (From satellite data) MU-1 Soil moisture (From Rainfall and WHC) Soil salinity (From sat. data & soil map) Analysis of air temp., humidity, cloudiness and rainfall for optimal time of upsurge MU-2 Soil texture (Derived from soil map) Vegetation species (From ecology map) For new breeding grounds Cloud tracking GIS based locust risk zone mapping Once in 11 days + Risk zone map (District wise) Very high High Medium Low Very low Semi-permanent Locust forecasting (Maps, locations, reports to the Anti-locust organisation)

  12. Various stages of life cycle (Schistocerca gregaria) Immature adults: Pink, longer flights, maximum feeding 45 days Moulting (5th instar) Hoppers: Non flying but migrate by marching Mature adults: yellow color, copulate and lay eggs Moulting (4th instar) 38 days Moulting (3rd instar) Moulting (2nd instar) 30 days Moulting (1st instar) Life cycle Egg laying 127 days 14 days

  13. Egg laying Probing by adult female foroptimum Soil texture Soil temperature Soil hardness Soil moisture Soil salinity Nearby bushy vegetation Presence of other locusts 5-7 cm Oviposition

  14. Egg incubation (~ 14 days) Egg sac/pod Laying takes place in batches. 5 cm long egg pod below 5-7 cm soil surface. No. of eggs ranges from <80/pod (gregarious) to 95-158/pod (solitarious). Egg laying 3 times in life time at an interval of 6-11 days. Initially eggs are yellow but turns to brown in contact to soil. Absorbs water for 1st five days for complete development. The extent of breeding ground can be more than a mile. Thermal growth curve Egg incubation period (days) Egg development is a function of soil temperature. Thermal degree days required is 309. Egg pods Mean soil temperature (deg C)

  15. Hopper development (~ 38 days) Color changes Females are larger than males After 1st day start feeding Exo-skeleton becomes hard Migration by marching only limited to 1 or 2 km or less Hopper development as a function of air temperature Per cent development /day Hopper incubation period in days Mean daily air temperature oC Mean daily air temperature oC

  16. Meteorology and flight condition Temperature Lower threshold for locomotion is > 15oC. Internal temperature of 19-21 oC for flight muscle activation. Flight activity decreases with high temperature (>42oC). For sustained flight optimum temperature is 35oC. Light Flight inhibition with decreasing light. Relative humidity Temporary settling when saturation deficit is high. Synoptic meteorology Low level convergence and divergence causes concentration and dispersal of locust respectively.

  17. Soil properties and locust • Mature females probe with the ovipositor for optimum soil temperature, hardness, moisture and salinity before egg laying. • Loose sandy/silty soil with sub-surface moisture is favourable for oviposition, laying of egg pod and egg development. • Rate of egg development is a function of soil temperature at pod depth, e.g at 25oC development takes 26 days but at 37oC only 12 days. Environmental factors and locust • Ambient air temperature above 15oC is a must for egg development. • Incubation period is a function of air temperature e.g. at 14oC it is more than 60 days but only 15 days in 32oC. • Hopper development is a function of air temperature e.g at 24oC it is 50 days but at 32oC it is only 25 days.

  18. Locust Control Experience in Kazakhstan Geo-LIMIS (SDSS for Locust Impact Minimization)

  19. Sponsored by CIDA Geo-LIMIS Geographically encoded Locust Impact Minimization Information System Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre Department of Space, Government of India CAZRI Campus, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) SDSS Main Menu

  20. Objectives • Analysis of various bio-physical parameters in spatial domain to identify high frequency locust breeding areas and habitat suitability. • Interface for locust sighting (points) input along with attributes for generation of historical database. • 3 Detailed locust data analysis in relation to bio-physical parameters. • 4. Query interface to generate habitat maps for locusts based on ground intelligence. • 5. Analysis of daily weather data over 24 hours period for simulating breeding suitability, locust physiological development, and flight dynamics.

  21. Geo-LIMIS provides solution for…. • Locust Habitat Suitability as risk zones (High, Medium…) in desired scale for field surveyor. • Suitability of prevailing weather for locust breeding, development of egg and hopper and flight / mass upsurge.

  22. Data requirement for Geo-LIMIS Satellite data from optical sensors (for landuse, vegetation density, soil texture….) Satellite data from Microwave satellites (for soil moisture) Cultural features (administrative boundary, road, settlement location…..) Daily weather data (Temperature, humidity, cloudiness, wind velocity and direction, rainfall…..) Locust physiology and response behavior with weather elements (for simulation) Historical locust information (place, type, density,….)

  23. Landform Once in 7 years Soil-landscape module Soil texture Soil salinity Once in 10-15 days Landuse/landcover Bio-physical module Vegetation density Soil moisture Air temperature Humidity Climate module Sunshine hours Wind velocity Wind direction A modular approach …… Grouping of favourable land types Grouping of ideal landuse & vegetation density Suitability for breeding and development Suitability for locust migration / upsurge Daily basis Migration / Upsurge Habitat suitability

  24. Life Cycle Builder (Simulation of locust phenomena)

  25. Weather data need Daily ambient weather data decides the growth rate of immature locusts and flight is triggered by the atmospheric condition • Temperature (min, max): For egg & hopper development, mortality, wing muscle activation for flight, roosting… • Humidity / Atmospheric water vapour: To maintain +ve water balance during flight, hopper development. • Sunshine hours / net radiation: For flying and migration / mass upsurge. • Wind direction and velocity: For direction of flight and passive movement.

  26. How weather data is used Growth simulation • Egg development • Hopper development Flight simulation • Possibility of flying and its direction Mortality • Function of temperature, relative humidity, moisture availability and predators

  27. Data source (Russian Hydromet server) Geographical location of the Hydromet observation stations in Kazakhstan. Plotted from the coordinates and the attributes are attached

  28. Daily weather data at 3 hourly interval (Downloaded from the internet) The hydeomet data is customized as per the requirement of the SDSS

  29. Grouping of rainfall based on the volume Showers (S) Rain (R) Light rain (LR) Light showers (LS) Intermittent rain (IR) Intermittent light rain (ILR) Thunderstorm rain (TR) Thunderstorm (T) Drizzle (D) Intermittent light drizzle (ILD) Intermittent heavy drizzle (IHD) Light drizzle (LD) Light freezing drizzle (LFD) Intermittent freezing drizzle (IFD) Freezing drizzle (FD) Mist (M) The volume of rainfall by each rain type is ordered as follows: S > TR > R > IR > LS > ILR > LR > IHD > ILD > D > LD > FD> LFD>IFD>M>T This helps in predicting favourable soil moisture over sustained duration.

  30. Interface for creation of historic locust geo-spatial data base Facilitates generation of locust sighting map based on the field observation. Facilitates input of locust related information viz. swarm type, species, location, spread, color, egg/hopper/adult density and other qualitative information. Provides a user friendly interface which enables both graphical or keyboard entry.

  31. Locust sighting data interface (opening menu) Input for creating historical locust data

  32. + + + + + + + + + Attribute of the selected point + Locust sighting data interface (active menu)

  33. Spatial display of historical locust data Ratio of egg, hopper and adult display Egg density display

  34. Life Cycle Builder (opening menu) Addition / Deletion of weather stations Selection of station one at a time Query interface

  35. Logic used for breeding simulation The rationale is soil should be moist enough for oviposition and breeding. Hence the rain volume and frequency and maximum duration of two rainfall incidence are considered.

  36. Logic used for simulation of flight suitability / mass upsurge The rationale is minimum temperature for flight muscle activation, optimum temperature regime, cloudiness, positive water balance during flight, threshold wind velocity.

  37. Simulation of egg / hopper development Y = 0.2262 X – 3.2982 (where Y = % hopper development/per day, X = max. air temperature) Y = - 0.0167 X2 + 1.24 X – 13.658 (where Y = % incubation/per day, X = max. air temperature)

  38. LCB report generation (Based upon the analysis of daily weather data for last 3 weeks and growth model) Breeding suitability is low Flight suitability is low in south direction Egg development is complete Simulated hopper development is 60.87%

  39. Thanks ...

  40. Module 1: Spatial Databse Dictionary • To explore and analyze the database elements efficiently. • Enabling the shell to understand the spatial and non-spatial layers. • Browsing, Updating and extending the spatial database dictionary through user friendly GUI.

  41. Module 2: Data base validation • CHECKS FOR SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL LAYERS • Names of the Spatial Layers • Existence of layers and Type of layer • Existence of Feature Attribute Table, .LUT and .DAT table • Existence of Link code in feature attribute table, .LUT and .DAT table • Link code type, width and each entry of link code. • Projection information • Report generation indicating errors encountered during validation

  42. Module 3: Data base Integration • Task performed during Integration: • Symbol filling. • Generation of intermediate grids. • Creation of projection files • Theissen polygon generation

  43. Database validation Spatial database dictionary Database integration Query Shell

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