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China

China. 500 to 1000 AD. China 500-1000 CE. Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties Chinese dynasties brought about significant improvements in food production and distribution. China 500-1000 CE. Which resulted in an increase in population Rise of urbanization Specialization in various technologies.

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China

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  1. China 500 to 1000 AD

  2. China 500-1000 CE • Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties • Chinese dynasties brought about significant improvements in food production and distribution.

  3. China 500-1000 CE • Which resulted in an increase in population • Rise of urbanization • Specialization in various technologies.

  4. Background • 220 CE: Collapse of Han dynasty • During the last two centuries of Han rule, large landowners gained influence in the government. • They reduced their own taxes and raised the taxes of the peasants. • There was massive discontent and rebellion.

  5. Background • Han military generals took power. • Aligning themselves with regional landowners as war lords. • Han dynasty dissolved in regions ruled by war lords.

  6. The Han dynasty • Ruled China from 206 BC to AD 220—more than 400 years. • After the dynasty collapsed, military leaders split China into rival kingdoms.

  7. The Han dynasty • These events began a period of disorder and warfare. • Historians call the Period of Disunion.

  8. The Period of Disunion • Nomads invaded northern China • Formed their own kingdoms • Many northern Chinese fled south to region of Yangtze River • A number of southern dynasties rose, fell

  9. Civilization Thrived • Despite these events, Chinese civilization thrived and developed • Nomadic invaders in north adopted aspects of Chinese civilization

  10. Civilization Thrived • Northern Chinese immigrants’ culture blended with local cultures in south • Arts, philosophy flowered

  11. The Sui Dynasty • 589-618 CE • Founded by Yang Jian. • Established himself as a powerful regional warlord. • Conquered other warlords and reunited China.

  12. The Sui Dynasty • Wendi worked to build centralized government • Restored order, created new legal code, reformed bureaucracy • Created policies to provide adult males with land, ensure availability of grain

  13. Sui Dynasty Innovations • Grand Canal: to facilitate trade between northern and southern China. • To make abundant food supplies in south available to north

  14. Sui Dynasty Innovations • Transportation and communications network • Distribution of land: equal field system • Government bureaucracy based on merit.

  15. Grand Canal • Yangdi forced millions of peasants to work on canal; led to discontent, rebellion • 618 AD, Yangdi assassinated, Sui dynasty ended

  16. Grand Canal • Greatest accomplishment of Sui dynasty, completed during reign of Yangdi, Wendi’s son • 1,000 mile waterway linked northern, southern China • Built in six years

  17. The Tang Dynasty • Built on Sui Foundations • Established capital at Chang’an, Sui capital • Government control remained centralized • Based on bureaucracy of officials

  18. The Tang Dynasty • Tang dynasty ruled 618 to 907; Chinese influence spread • China experienced period of brilliance, prosperity, cultural achievement • Government, other institutions served as models across East Asia

  19. The Tang Dynasty • Civil Service • To obtain talented officials, Tang expanded civil service examination system • People had to pass written exams to work for government • Created flexible law code; model for law codes in Korea, Japan

  20. Foreign Affairs • Tang expanded China, Chinese influence • Regained western lands in Central Asia, gained influence over Korea

  21. Foreign Affairs • Contact with Japan increased; Japanese scholars came to China to study • Expansion, increased contact with others grew foreign trade

  22. Tang • 627-907 CE: Expanded territory • Tried to establish a Confucian, benevolent government. Stressed Confucian education and civil service.

  23. Tang • Improved on developments during Sui dynasty: • Transportation and communications network

  24. Tang • Distribution of land: equal field system: problems • Rise in population • Government bureaucracy based on merit. • Land given to Buddhist monasteries.

  25. Tang Foreign Relations • Tributary relationship with neighboring lands. • Neighbor recognized Chinese emperors as overlords. • Paid tribute in form of gifts.

  26. Tang Foreign Relations • Kowtow: ritual prostration before emperor. • Chinese gave gifts and recognition in return.

  27. End of Tang Dynasty • Tang dynasty declined in power due to ineffective leadership by later emperors.

  28. End of Tang Dynasty • Rebellions occurred and emperors gradually gave over control to regional war lords.

  29. End of Tang Dynasty • War lords controlled separate regions until Song dynasty reestablished centralized rule.

  30. End of Tang Dynasty • Junior military officer of one of the most powerful war lords in China. • Song had a reputation for honesty and effectiveness

  31. Song Taizu (960-976) • In 960 his troops proclaimed him emperor. • Song and his troops subdued the other war lords.

  32. Song Dynasty • 960-1279 CE • Did not develop into a powerful state. • Emperors kept military in a subordinate position. • Did not develop into a powerful militaristic state.

  33. Song Dynasty • Focused on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts instead of military. • Created a large bureaucracy.

  34. End of Song Dynasty • Massive bureaucracy created strain on economy. • Raised taxes, and angered the peasants.

  35. End of Song Dynasty • Lack of strong military allowed nomadic peoples to gain power. • Nomadic Mongol tribes invaded, ending dynasty in 1279.

  36. Social aspects of Tang and Song periods • Agricultural advancements • Population growth • Division of labor

  37. Social aspects of Tang and Song periods • Specialization of crafts • Innovations in techniques and new inventions. • Changes in religion.

  38. Agricultural development in Tang and Song Periods • Improvements in farming • Heavy iron plows • Oxen and water buffaloes

  39. Agricultural development in Tang and Song Periods • Fertilized fields • Irrigation systems • Well organized food distribution system

  40. Populations Expansion • Increased food supply resulted in rapid rise in population. • Growth of cities

  41. Populations Expansion • Chang’an believed to be the world’s largest city with estimated population of two million during Tang dynasty. • By Song Dynasty, China most urbanized area in the world.

  42. Economy • Abundant food supply allowed division of labor. • Specialization in technological areas • Improved existing technologies and invented new products.

  43. Innovations in China • Paper • Printing • Letters of credit/ cash • Gunpowder/ explosives

  44. Innovations in China • The magnetic compass • Porcelain, fine china. • Improvements in production of iron and steel

  45. Decline of Confucianism • During Han dynasty, elites and intellectuals embraced Confucian traditions.

  46. Decline of Confucianism • Confucian traditions were believed to ensure social order and stability.

  47. Decline of Confucianism Collapse of Han dynasty and disintegration of China into warring states Interest in Confucianism lessened.

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