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8/16/12 Squirrel of Organization pg 19

8/16/12 Squirrel of Organization pg 19. Sponge: P. 56: Explain this statement. 1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. All living things are made up of cells. P. 67: 2. What are two advantages of being multi-cellular?

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8/16/12 Squirrel of Organization pg 19

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  1. 8/16/12 Squirrel of Organization pg 19 Sponge: P. 56: Explain this statement. 1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. All living things are made up of cells. P. 67: 2. What are two advantages of being multi-cellular? The cells are specialized and can perform different functions, and if one cell dies it does not effect the organism.

  2. Cells Vocabulary & Levels of Organization (glue to pg. 20) Take three minutes to read over “Life under the Microscope” and then find the correct term for the definitions on the inside of your sheet. Remember to use good reading strategies as you read!

  3. “Life Under the Microscope” • Cells • Organism • Unicellular • Multicellular • Prokaryote • Eukaryote • Organelle • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Cell membrane • Chloroplast • Cell wall • Tissue • Organ • Organ system

  4. Level 1: Cells • Smallest working unit of living things. • May serve a specific function/job within an organism, or may live alone (unicellular). • Ex: bone cells, cartilage cells, red blood cells.

  5. Level 2: Tissues(No, not THAT kind of tissue!) • Made up of cells that are similar in structure/function that work together to perform a specific function or job. • Ex: Humans have FOUR basic tissues: connective (fat, cartilage, bone, blood); epithelial (skin), nervous and muscular

  6. Level 3: Organs • Made of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity. • Ex: lungs, heart, stomach, brain. What other organs can you think of?

  7. Level 4: Organ Systems Groups of one or more organsworking together to perform specific functions for the organism. Our human body has 11 organ systems. Can you name them?

  8. Level 5: Organism • Entire living things that carry out all basic life functions. Meaning… they are made of cells, share similar chemicals, can take in and use energy, grow and develop, reproduce, and sense and respond to changes in their surroundings. They’re ALIVE!

  9. Organisms are usually made up of many cells but some organisms can be made up of only one cell such as bacteria.

  10. “Squirrel of Organization” In each circle, draw a colorful representative picture to match that specific level. For example, in the circle labeled “cell”, draw a picture of a specific type of cell you might find in a squirrel.

  11. 08/17/12 Cell Theory INB P. 19 Sponge:P. 61: 1. How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane? The cell wall is stiff, while the cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell. 2. Why would a plant cell need a cell wall and not an animal cell? Plants can’t move so the cell wall protects and supports the cell.

  12. “Cell Theory” Review Q’s • WAFLS, water, air, food, living space, and shelter • Solid-rock, liquid-water, gas-oxygen • 2 or more cells combined together, ex. Water • Solid-bone, liquid-blood, gas-oxygen • OGRRs, organized structure, growth & development, reproduction, and response to surroundings • Ask a question • Form a hypothesis • Using your 5 senses • Maintain balance of a stable internal environment • shelter

  13. Sponge: 1. Which part of your body would be similar to the nucleus? Explain. Your brain because it tells you what to do. 2.Which body system would be similar to the mitochondria? Explain. Your digestive system because it turns food into energy. 09/09/11 Cell Structure & Function pg 35

  14. Cell Organelle Graphic Organizer glue to pg 20 The cell theory tells us that… • All living things are made up of cells • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things • All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division

  15. What is a Cell? Cell: the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

  16. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

  17. Prokaryotic • Do not have organelles with membranes • Simple one-celled organisms - Bacteria ONLY! • I like to say “PRO?”“NO!” (NO nucleus, NO organelles)

  18. Eukaryotic • Contain organellessurrounded by membranes • Complex organisms - most living things • For this, I like to say “EU?” “TRUE!” (TRUE nucleus, TRUE organelles) Plant Animal

  19. Let’s Compare…

  20. Make your own analogy! For each organelle on the following slides, think of a picture analogy that will help you to remember the organelle and what it does! You will draw this in the last column of your organizer. The first one is already done for you!

  21. Cell Membrane All Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Structure: • Located on outside of cell. • Made of phospholipid bilayer: phosphates and lipids (fats) Function: - Determines what goes in/out of cell - Protects and supports cell

  22. Cytoplasm All Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Structure: Jelly-like material found inside cell membrane Function: Supports and protects cell’s organelles. Contains some nutrients for cell.

  23. Nucleus/Nucleolus/DNA Nucleus ONLY in Eukaryotes (Free-floating DNA in Prokaryotes) Structure: • Has a nuclear membraneto allow materials in and out • Contains genetic material – DNA (chromosomes) which contain instructions for traits • Contains dark central ball called the nucleolus (makes ribosomes) Function: Directs cell activities.

  24. Ribosomes All Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Structure: • Not bound by a membrane • Cell contains thousands. - Found on endoplasmic reticulum & freely floating throughout cell Function: Make protein

  25. Mitochondria Eukaryotic cells only Structure: Rod shaped and found throughout cell Function: - “Powerhouse” of cell - Produces energy from sugar through chemical reactions (Cellular Respiration)

  26. Chloroplast Eukaryotic PLANT cells only Structure: - Found in plant cells - Contains green chlorophyll Function: Photosynthesis uses sunlight to make sugar for plant

  27. Golgi Bodies/Complex/Apparatus All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: Made of 5-8 sacs Function: - Processes and packages proteins & lipids - Move materials within the cell and out of the cell in small sac called “vesicle”

  28. Endoplasmic Reticulum All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: - Series of tubes and sacs - Smooth: without ribosomes - Rough: with ribosomes Function: Transports proteins and breaks down drugs in the cell

  29. Lysosome All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: Vesicle built by the Golgi bodies Function: - Digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. - “Disposal” of the cell

  30. Vacuole All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: • Large & few (plant cell) • Small & many (animal cell) - Contains water Function: - Help plants maintain shape - Storage, digestion, & waste removal

  31. Cell Wall All Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic PLANT cells only Structure: Rigid wall found only in plant cells & bacteria cells Function: Supports & protects cells

  32. How many can you remember?

  33. Left Side Homework Write the following directions in your own words: Pick your favorite organelle from our lesson today, and draw that organelle as a superhero comic book character performing it’s job. Creativity, coloring, and the job it performs will all be factors in your grade!

  34. 9/12/11 Bacteria, Plant and Animal Cells pg 37 Sponge: P. 47&48: 1. What are prokaryotes? Given an example. Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus. Ex. Bacteria 2. What are eukaryotes? Give an example. Organisms whose cells have nuclei. Ex. Plants & Animals

  35. Glue Cells Sheet to pg 38Now, let’s look at the Bacteria Cell: Color the key (the squares) of the bacteria cell sheet using the color coding provided. 1. Cell Membrane - purple 2. Cytoplasm - white 3. DNA: free-floating in Bacteria Cells (no nucleus) – orange 4. Ribosome - black 5. Cell Wall – light green

  36. For both the Plant & Animal Cells Color the key (the squares) of BOTH the plant and animal cells using the color coding provided. 1. Cell Membrane - purple 2. Cytoplasm - white • Nucleus (including Nuclear Membrane, Nucleolus and Chromosomes/DNA (4/5) are not shown but are still present in plant cells – orange 6. Ribosome - black 7. Mitochondria - red 8. Vacuole – light blue 9. Golgi Body - yellow 10. Endoplasmic Reticulum - dark blue 11. Lysosome - pink ** Unique to Plant Cells: 12. Chloroplast – dark green 13. Cell Wall – light green

  37. Homework for Tonight Color the cells according to the keys provided. You MAY NOT use colors other than those you were given today. Make sure to review your organelles.

  38. 8/29/11 The Microscope pg 25 Sponge: P.58: 1. Explain the difference between the organisms in figure 18. One organism is a water flea magnified 40 times the other is a spirogyra magnified 300 times. 2. The spirogyra in figure 18 is a plant-like protist, why is it green? It is green because it has chlorophyll in chloroplast to capture sunlight to make food.

  39. History of the Microscope 1000 A.D - First use of lenses to view images of Greek & Roman writings 1590 – Dutch lens makers Hans & Zacharias Janssen make the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube 1665 - Robert Hooke is first to describe and coin the phrase "cell" when observing a slice of cork using a microscope power of 30X 1675 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek “father of microscopy” uses a simple microscope with one lens and is the first to describe bacteria

  40. Label both the diagram and the function: • Body Tube - Hollow tube that may hold lenses or mirrors. • Nosepiece - Holds the objective lenses; rotates to use different lenses. • Middle Objective - Objective with power of 10x • Low Objective - Objective with power of 4x (Smallest objective) • High Objective - Objective with power of 40x (Longest objective) • Stage Clips - Holds the slide in place • Iris Diaphragm - Controls how much light shines through • Lamp - Provides the light that shines through the slide • Eyepiece - The part you look through - also has a 10x lens in it • Arm - Supports the body tube and makes a good handle for carrying the microscope • Stage - The place where you set the slide • Coarse Adjustment Knob - Used for finding stuff under low power, moves the stage up and down, too • Fine Adjustment Knob - Used for high-power focusing • Base - Supports the weight of the microscope

  41. How should you ALWAYS carry a microscope? Tucked in like a football; with one hand under the base and one around the arm. Eyepiece Magnification Objective Magnification Total Magnification = (10x) X (# on Objective lens) Find the Total Magnification for the following objective lenses: • objective = 4x 4X10=40 times! • objective = 10x 10X10=100 times! • objective = 40x 40X10=400 times!

  42. Microscope Review • Body Tube • Nosepiece • Middle Objective • Low Objective • High Objective • Stage Clips • Iris Diaphragm • Lamp • Eyepiece • Arm • Stage • Coarse Adjustment Knob • Fine Adjustment Knob • Base

  43. Microscope “E” Lab Objective: To demonstrate proper use of the microscope. Here’s what a letter “e” from a newspaper might look like on a prepared slide. Use this image to help you answer the following questions. Write a Hypothesis on your paper about what you think will happen once you look at the letter “e” through the microscope: We know that microscopes will make images appear larger. What else do you think will happen to the image of the letter “e” when looked at through the microscope?

  44. Data and Conclusions: • Using the COARSE adjustment knob with the microscope on LOW power, raise the stage until the “e” can be seen clearly. Draw what you see below in the LOW POWER circle. Change the nosepiece to MED/HIGH Power - you’ll notice the “e” is out of focus. DO NOT TOUCH the Coarse Adjustment knob, instead use the FINE adjustment knob to sharpen your picture. Draw what you see in the MED/HIGH power circle. • Compare what you see through the eyepiece and the “e” that you see on the stage. Don’t say it looks bigger…look closely! What happened? Why do you think this happened? • Looking through the EYEPIECE, move the slide to the upper right area of the stage. What direction does the image move through the eyepiece? • How does the ink appear under the microscope compared to normal view? • Why do you think a specimen placed under the microscope has to be thin? • Was your hypothesis from above supported? Why or why not? • How does the letter “e” as seen through the microscope differ from the way an “e” normally appears?

  45. 9/13/11 Moving Cellular Materials – Page 39 Sponge: P. 80&81: 1. Why is it important that the cell membrane is selectively permeable? It allows useful substances to pass though the cell membrane, while others cannot. 2. Explain in terms of diffusion what happens when you use water to make grits or oatmeal. The water moves from an area of high concentration outside the food to an area of low concentration inside the food.

  46. Watch Tim and Moby from BrainPop talk about Moving Cellular Materials Now answer the following questions on the left side: • What part of the cell helps the cell maintain homeostasis? 2. Can you apply your knowledge of the cell membrane to how a cell interacts with its environment?

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