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BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW

BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. Use this powerpoint presentation to complete your viewing guide handout per topic. At the end of each topic, take time to answer the Keystone Biology practice questions on your handout and discuss. Good Luck!. TOPIC 1: Biochemistry & Molecules of Life. COMPOUNDS

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BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW

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  1. BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW Use this powerpoint presentation to complete your viewing guide handout per topic. At the end of each topic, take time to answer the Keystone Biology practice questions on your handout and discuss. Good Luck!

  2. TOPIC 1:Biochemistry & Molecules of Life COMPOUNDS Organic – Inorganic *carbohydrate has CO2 *lipid C & H H2O *nucleic acids O2 *proteins NO C & H

  3. Water is a POLAR molecule -weak HYDROGEN bonds attract one another between molecules of water -Gives water its special properties

  4. Monomers are small units that make up Polymers in the process called POLYMERIZATION

  5. Chemical reactions have 2 parts: reactants and products Reactants – compounds that come together to start the reaction Products – compounds produced by the reaction

  6. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions and lower activation energy

  7. Active Site is where the reactant meets the enzyme to lower activation energy

  8. Enzymes can be affected by two main environmental factors: Temperature pH

  9. TOPIC 2:Cells & Cellular Organization PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES • No nucleus • Cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes • Smaller & simpler • Examples: bacteria • True nucleus • Cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, nucleolus, vacuole, other organelles • Larger & more complex • Examples: plants & animals

  10. Organelles – tiny structures that carry out functions of the cell • Functions such as energy, building or transporting material, storing food or wastes.

  11. Topic 3 Cellular Transport • Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration • Equilibrium – balanced state

  12. Osmosis – diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

  13. Isotonic – same strength on both sides of the membrane

  14. Hypertonic – above strength; Higher concentration of solute; Not enough water on the inside of the cell (shrivels)

  15. Hypotonic: below strength; lower concentration of solute; full of water inside the cell

  16. Facilitated Diffusion – movement of larger particles through special CHANNEL PROTEINS. NO ENERGY is required.

  17. Active Transport – movement across membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient. Needs ENERGY to occur.

  18. Sodium Potassium Pump (active transport example)

  19. Topic 4: Cell Division • Why do cells divide?? • get bigger • repair • reproduction

  20. Cell cycle

  21. Interphase G1 = growth phase S = DNA Synthesis G2 = make more organelles

  22. Mitosis Prophase: *chromosomes are visible *nuclear envelope breaks Metaphase: *chromosomes line up in middle *spindle fibers attach

  23. Anaphase: spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart Telophase: chromosomes loosen and nuclear envelope re-forms Results in 2 2Ncells Daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell

  24. Meiosis – cell division to produce gametes (sperm & egg) Produces cells with haploid (single set) chromosomes Human gametes – sperm & egg – have 23 chromosomes each.

  25. Meiosis is a REDUCTION DIVISION 2N (diploid) to N (haploid) 2 sets of divisions Meiosis I and Meiosis II

  26. Meiosis I Interphase Prophase I – homologous chromsomes pair up and form tetrads (4 sister chromatids) CROSSING OVER – parts of chromatids may exchange genes creating new combinations of alleles

  27. Meiosis Results in Genetic Variation • crossing over • independent assortment – chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase I and metaphase II • genes of different traits can segregate, or spread out, independently during the formation of gametes • errors in meiosis can produce harmful effects

  28. Topic 5 Cellular Energy AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPHS • PRODUCERS • -Creates own chemical energy (photosynthesis) • Plants, algae, bacteria • CONSUMERS • Can’t make own food, must obtain energy from another source • Animals, fungi

  29. Energy Molecules: Lipids: long term Carbohydrates: short term energy ATP: INSTANT energy form

  30. Photosynthesis Photo=light synthesis=production Process in which the sun’s energy is converted into stored energy in the form of carbohydrates

  31. Photosynthesis Light dependent Light independent • Need light • Photolysis (breaking water molecule apart with light) • Set up H+ ions • Dark reactions • Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation: fix carbon dioxide and make it glucose

  32. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS • Occurs in chloroplasts • Sunlight energy splits H20 molecule (PHOTOLYSIS) • releases H+ ions to set up a concentration gradient • releases oxygen as a by product

  33. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS CO2 goes through multiple steps to combine and rearrange into a 6 carbon sugar (glucose)

  34. CELLULAR RESPIRATION -NOT BREATHING! -process in which the energy of food (glucose) is converted to usable energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen -all cells undergo cellular respiration

  35. Cellular Respiration -starts with Glycolysis glyco – sugar lysis – split -splits 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvate -invest 2 ATP yield 4ATP (2ATP net gain)

  36. After Glycolysis Glycolysis No oxygen available(anaerobic) Oxygen (aerobic) Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation

  37. No Oxygen Fermentation – replenishes items needed for glycolysis when NO OXYGEN is available

  38. Oxygen • Krebs Cycle – takes pyruvic acid (3 carbons) and breaks it down to CO2 • Electron Transport Chain – takes H+ ions & pushes them through a transport protein • that movement through protein charges ATP • Net Gain = 36 ATPs

  39. Topic 6 DNA & its Processes • Functions of DNA • stores genetic info • copies genetic info for new cells produced during cell division • transmits genetic info from one generation to the next

  40. Structure of DNA Monomer = nucleotide nucleotide includes a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

  41. Double helix Bases pair up adenine ---- thymine cytosine ---- guanine

  42. DNA Replication -process of taking a strand of DNA and making an identical copy

  43. Structure of RNA Monomer is a nucleotide with a 5carbon sugar RIBOSE, phosphate & nitrogen base (A, G, C & URACIL) Single stranded 3 types mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

  44. messengerRNA (mRNA) – copy instructions from DNA ribosomalRNA (rRNA) – located in ribosome, helps with protein synthesis transferRNA (tRNA) – transfers amino acids to ribosomes to create proteins

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