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Keystone Review

Keystone Review. Module 1 Cells and cellular Processes. Characteristics of Life Biochemistry Cells (including movement of materials) Photosynthesis Cellular respiration. Module 2 Continuity and Unity of Life. Mitosis Meiosis Genetics DNA Evolution Ecology.

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Keystone Review

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  1. Keystone Review

  2. Module 1 Cells and cellular Processes • Characteristics of Life • Biochemistry • Cells (including movement of materials) • Photosynthesis • Cellular respiration

  3. Module 2 Continuity and Unity of Life • Mitosis • Meiosis • Genetics • DNA • Evolution • Ecology

  4. Test consists of 64 multiple choice and 8 constructed response. • 73% multiple choice and 27% constructed response

  5. Day 1

  6. Characteristics of Living Things

  7. Living or nonliving? • Biotic • Abiotic

  8. 8 characteristics of living things

  9. 8 characteristics of living things • DNA • Homeostasis • Cells • Reproduction • Response to environment • Adaptation and evolution • Growth and development • Obtain and use energy

  10. Biological Macromolecules

  11. Biological Macromolecules • Made up of subunits • Lipids (C, H, O) • Carbohydrates (C, H, O) • Protein (C, H, O, N) • Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P)

  12. Lipids • Long term energy storage • more energy per unit weight then carbohydrates • Fat molecules • Many different kinds • Phospholipid • Makes up cell membrane • Triglyceride molecules • three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

  13. Carbohydrate • Energy storage, structure • The simplest carbohydrate = monosaccharide • Glucose • Monosaccharides are covalently bonded together • disaccharide • polysaccharide • Starch. (storage polysaccharide found in plants) • Cellulose (plant’s cell wall)

  14. Protein • acting as biological catalysts • forming structural parts of organisms • participating in cell signal and recognition factors • acting as molecules of immunity • Made up of amino acids (monomer) • String together amino acids to create polymer (polypeptide)

  15. Nucleic Acids • Transmit genetic information • Code for proteins • DNA • RNA

  16. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  17. Photosynthesis • Autotrophs use light energy to make food (glucose) Balanced equation: • Light-dependent reactions • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

  18. Chloroplasts

  19. Light Reaction • H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2 • Water is split, giving off oxygen. • This system depends on sunlight for activation energy. • Light is absorbed by chlorophyll a which "excites" the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. • Electrons are passed through a series of carriers and adenosine triphosphate or ATP (energy) is produced. • Takes place in the thylakoids.

  20. Dark Reaction • ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6 • Carbon dioxide is split, providing carbon to make sugars. • The ultimate product is glucose. • While this system depends on the products from the light reactions, it does not directly require light energy. • Includes the Calvin Cycle. • Takes place in the stroma.

  21. Photosynthesis

  22. Cellular Respiration • Break down sugar to produce energy for the cell to use • Mitochondria Balanced equation:

  23. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Electron Transport Chain (Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation)

  24. Day 2

  25. The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

  26. The Cell Cycle

  27. Mitosis • Prophase • (Prometaphase) • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  28. Meiosis • 2 divisions • Diploid cell divides to form 4 haploid daughter cells • Haploid cells = gametes • Crossing over • Nondisjunction

  29. Meiosis

  30. Biogeochemical Cycles

  31. Biogeochemical Cycles • Carbon • Nitrogen • Water • Phosphorus

  32. Water

  33. Nitrogen

  34. Carbon

  35. Phosphorus

  36. DNA and RNA, Transcription and Translation

  37. DNA • Double helix held together by hydrogen bonds • A, T, C, G • DNA Replication: • During S phase of cell cycle (interphase, before mitosis) • DNA helicase, DNA polymerase • Haploid/ Diploid

  38. RNA, Transcription and Translation • RNA: • Single stranded • A, U, C, G • Copy of a gene • Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA gene • Takes place in the NUCLEUS • Translation: making a protein from a strand of RNA • Takes place in the CYTOPLASM

  39. RNA, Transcription and Translation • Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA gene • Takes place in the NUCLEUS • Translation: making a protein from a strand of RNA • Takes place in the CYTOPLASM

  40. RNA, Transcription and Translation • 3 types of RNA • tRNA – transfer • rRNA – ribosomal • mRNA – messenger

  41. RNA, Transcription and Translation • ALL types of RNA are involved in translation • tRNA: transfers amino acid to ribosome to be added to the polypeptide chain • rRNA: makes up the ribosome • mRNA: message from nucleus to ribosome • Contains codons which MATCH the anticodon found on the tRNA

  42. Codons and Anticodons • Codon • Three letter sequence found on mRNA • Corresponds to anticodon on the tRNA • Anticodon • On tRNA • Matches with amino acid on tRNA

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