1 / 50

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins and Minerals. NAPNES Guidelines Presented by Laura Zdancewicz MSN, CRNP. Vitamins and Minerals Definition. Vitamin Organic molecules needed in small amounts To carry out normal body metabolism Occur naturally in both plant and animal food Minerals

edward
Télécharger la présentation

Vitamins and Minerals

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Vitamins and Minerals NAPNES Guidelines Presented by Laura Zdancewicz MSN, CRNP

  2. Vitamins and MineralsDefinition • Vitamin • Organic molecules needed in small amounts • To carry out normal body metabolism • Occur naturally in both plant and animal food • Minerals • Inorganic compounds that are essential nutrients • Needed for a variety of physiologic functions • Composed of various metallic and nonmetallic elements • Chemically combined with ionic bonds

  3. Indications for vitamins and mineral supplements include: • Inadequate diet • Anorexia • Weight reduction or other special diets • Illness: • Alcoholism • Poor eating habits. • Malabsorption syndromes • Chronic gastrointestinal disorders or surgery that result in chronic diarrhea.

  4. Indications (cont.) • Increased need for certain nutrients • Pregnancy and lactation • Iron and Calcium. • Infants • Adolescence • Debilitation • Illness • Unusual physical activity • Postmenopausal women (calcium).

  5. Indications (cont.) • Deficiencies due to medication interactions • Example • Potassium deficiency • Diuretic use

  6. The RDA • Recommended Dietary Allowances • Includes • Amount from foods consumed • Supplements

  7. Vitamins

  8. Fat-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin A • Vitamin D • Vitamin E • Vitamin K

  9. Vitamin A( Retinol, Retinal, Beta Carotene) • Functions: • Dim light vision • Maintenance of mucous membranes • Growth and development of bones • Healing of wounds • Resistance to infection • Beta carotene is an antioxidant • Blocks oxygen to combine with nutrient molecules ( Fat, Protein ).

  10. Vitamin A (cont.) • Deficiency: • Night Blindness • Xerophthalmia • Dry Cornea. • Bone growth ceases • Toxicity: • Irritability, lethargy • Joint pain, myalgia, headache • Stunted growth, fetal malformations • Jaundice, nausea, diarrhea • Dry skin and hair

  11. Vitamin A (cont.) • Food Sources: • Oily saltwater fish • Whole milk • Butter • Cream • Cod liver oil • Dark green leafy vegetables • Deep yellow or orange fruit • Fortified margarine

  12. Vitamin D (Calciferol, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol) • Functions: • Healthy bones and teeth • Muscle function • Deficiency: • Rickets • Osteomalacia • Poorly developed teeth • Muscle spasms

  13. Vitamin D (cont.) • Toxicity • Hypercalcemia: • Kidney stones, kidney damage • Muscle/bone pain • GI distress • Food Sources: • Fish oils • Salmon, herring, mackerel, sardines • Fortified milk • Fortified cereals

  14. Vitamin E (tocopherol) • Functions: • Antioxidant • Deficiency: • Destruction of RBCs, muscle weakness • Toxicity: • Prolonged bleeding time • Food Sources: • Meat, poultry eggs • Vegetable oils • Seeds, nuts

  15. Vitamin K (Phytonadione) • Functions: • Blood clotting • Deficiency: • Prolonged blood clotting time • Toxicity: • Jaundice in infants • Food Sources: • Egg yolk, milk, vegetable oil, green leafy vegetables, cabbage, broccoli

  16. Water-Soluble Vitamins B-complex vitamins Vitamin C

  17. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) • Functions: • Required for carbohydrate metabolism • Maintain normal nervous and cardiovascular systems • Deficiency: • GI upset • Neuritis • Mental disturbance • Cardiovascular problems • Muscle weakness, fatigue

  18. Vitamin B1 (cont.)Thiamine • Food Sources: • Pork, beef, liver • Oysters • Eggs • Fish • Yeast • Whole and enriched grains, wheat germ • Legumes, collard greens, nuts

  19. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) • Functions: • Aids release of energy from food • Deficiency: • Cheilosis • Glossitis • Photophobia, vision Problems • Dermatitis

  20. Vitamin B2 (cont.) Riboflavin • Food Sources: • Milk • Meat, liver • Green vegetables • Cereals • Enriched bread • Yeast

  21. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) • Functions: • Synthesis of amino acids • Antibody production • Deficiency: • Cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis • Neuritis, depression • Toxicity: • Seizures in newborn

  22. Vitamin B6 (cont.) Pyridoxine • Food Sources: • Pork • Eggs • Whole grain cereals, wheat germ • Legumes, peanuts, soybeans • Potatoes

  23. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) • Functions: • Synthesis of RBC’s • Maintenance of nervous system • Deficiency: • Nerve, muscle, mental problems • Pernicious anemia

  24. Vitamin B12 (cont.) Cyanocobalamin • Food Sources: • Foods of animal origin • Liver • Kidney • Fish and shellfish • Meat • Dairy foods

  25. Vitamin B3 or Niacin (nicotinic acid) • Functions: • Lipid metabolism • Nerve functioning • Deficiency: • Pellagra • Toxicity: • Vasodilatation of blood vessels

  26. Vitamin B3 or Niacin (cont.) • Food Sources: • Milk • Eggs • Fish • Poultry • Legumes, nuts

  27. Folate (folic acid) • Functions: • Synthesis of RBC’s • Deficiency: • Glossitis • Macrocytic anemia • Irritability, behavior disorders

  28. Folate (cont.) • Food Sources: • Organ meats • Green leafy vegetables • Avocado, beets • Broccoli • Orange juice

  29. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Functions: • Prevention of scurvy • Formation of collagen • Healing of wounds • Absorption of iron • Antioxidant

  30. Vitamin C (cont.) ascorbic acid • Deficiency: • Scurvy • Poor healing • Muscle cramps/weakness • Ulcerated gums/mouth • Capillary fragility

  31. Vitamin C (cont.) ascorbic acid • Toxicity: • Raise uric acid level • GI distress • Kidney stones • Rebound scurvy in neonates

  32. Vitamin C (cont.) ascorbic acid • Food Sources: • All citrus • Broccoli • Tomatoes • Brussels sprouts • Cabbage • Green peppers

  33. Pantothenic acid • B-complex vitamin • Used in protein and carbohydrate metabolism • Sources • Yeast • Liver, heart • Salmon • Eggs • Various grains

  34. Biotin • B-complex vitamin • Used in glucose and fat metabolism • Sources • Egg yolks • Peanut butter • Liver, kidneys • Cauliflower • yeast

  35. Minerals

  36. Minerals • Sodium ( Na ) • Chloride ( Cl ) • Potassium ( K ) • Calcium ( Ca ) • Iron ( Fe )

  37. Calcium (Ca) • Functions: • Development of bones and teeth • Permeability of cell membranes • Transmission of nerve impulses • Blood Clotting • Preparations • Calcium carbonate • Calcium gluconate • Calcium citrate

  38. Calcium (cont.) • Deficiency: • Osteoporosis • Osteomalacia • Rickets • Food Sources: • Milk, cheese • Sardines • Salmon • Green vegetables

  39. Potassium (K) • Functions: • Contraction of muscles • Transmission of nerve impulses • Carbohydrate and protein metabolism • Maintaining water balance • Preparations • Potassium chloride (KCL) • K-dur • K-lyte

  40. Potassium (cont.) • Deficiency: • Hypokalemia • Toxicity: • Hyperkalemia • Food Sources: • Oranges • Bananas • Dried fruits • Tomatoes

  41. Sodium (Na) • Functions: • Maintaining water balance in blood • Deficiency: • Hyponatremia • Toxicity: • Hypernatremia • Increase in blood pressure

  42. Chlorine (Cl) • Functions: • Gastric acidity • Regulation of osmotic pressure • Activation of salivary amylase • Deficiency: • Imbalance in gastric acidity • Toxicity: • Diarrhea • Food Sources: • Table salt

  43. Magnesium (Mg) • Functions: • Synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphosphate) • Transmission of nerve impulses • Relaxation of skeletal muscles • Deficiency: • Imbalance • Weakness

  44. Magnesium (cont.) • Toxicity: • Diarrhea • Food Sources: • Green vegetables • Whole grains

  45. Iron (Fe) • Function: • Hemoglobin formation • Resistance to infection • Deficiency: • Pale, Weak, Lethargy • Vertigo • Air hunger • Preparations • Ferrous fumarate • Ferrous gluconate • Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)

  46. Iron (cont.) • Toxicity: • Vomiting/ Diarrhea • Erosion of GI tract • Food Sources: • Liver • Eggs • Poultry • Spinach • Dried Fruits

  47. Iodine (I) • Functions: • Major component of thyroid hormones • Regulating rate of metabolism • Growth, reproduction • Nerve and muscle function • Protein synthesis • Skin and hair growth • Preparations • Iodine solution (Lugol’s)

  48. Iodine (cont.) • Deficiency: • Goiter • Hypothyroidism • Toxicity: • “Iodine goiter” • Hyperactive, enlarged goiter • Food Sources: • Freshwater shellfish and seafood • Iodide salt

  49. Zinc (Zn) • Functions: • Wound healing • Mineralization of bone • Insulin glucose regulation • Normal taste • Deficiency: • Poor wound healing • Reduced taste perception • Alcohol/glucose intolerance

  50. Zinc (cont.) • Toxicity: • GI distress • Impaired immune system • Food Sources: • Liver • Oysters • Poultry • Fish • Whole-grain bread and cereal

More Related