1. Ceiling structuresCEILBOT-PROJECTMID-TERM REPORT, CEILING STRUCTURES A.Aalto, Maison Carré, France Eelon Lappalainen

2. History • Ceiling is quite new ”invention” in residential buildings, started to become general after WW II • Ceilings were used before WW II usually in castle’s and churches • Before 19th century ceilings were mostly made of timber or masonry • During 19th century cast iron, steel and concrete were also used in ceilings • Ceiling made of cast and wrought iron: 1780 - 1900 • Ceilings made of concrete: 1850 - • Ceilings made of steel: 1880 - • Typical for ceilings is diversity of different structures and support systems • Old ceilings were designed mainly to support it’s own weight -> adding more load will usually cause problems (big deflection, cracking, even collapse) • Design methods and quality of materials varies a lot ”A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that bounds ("ceils") the upper limit of a room.” Wikipedia

3. Situation today • Pre-fab pre-stressed slabs (etc. hollow core slab) are commonly used • In residential buildings ceiling is normally in washrooms and hallways (installations are hidden behind ceiling) • In office buildings ceiling is usually in large areas and hide’s structures and installations (main installation routes are in hallways and vertical shafts) • Small family houses, day-cares, ware-houses and even some industrial buildings timber structures and ceiling is used • Fire regulations strongly defines materials what is allowed to use in certain buildings • Modern ceiling usually hangs from load bearing structure by fasteners

4. Installations inside the ceiling

5. Walls • Wall material limits the methods for robot route and/or new openings • Reinforced concrete • Masonry • Timber • Steel profiles • Wall could have several functionalities • Load bearing • Stiffening wall (wind, earthquake, eccentricity) • Fire wall (30…240 min) • Partition wall • Acoustic wall

6. Door frame and openings

7. Sports hall environment • Open space demand -> Long spans -> larger deformations • Structural geometry (main structure) • Trusses • Arches • Frames • Domes • Cable structures • Airdome / balloon structure • Division in main structure and secondary structure • Ceiling or/and installations can be suspended from both • Secondary structures usually beams, trusses, slabs, steel sheeting • Materials • Steel • Timber (Glue Laminated, Laminated Veneer Lumber) • Reinforced concrete (with or without tendons) • Cables (high strength steel) • System movements (deflection, creep, moisture and temperature deformations) must be noticed for designing installations (etc. Robot railings)

8. Some sports halls Sports hall in Joensuu Sports hall in Oulu

9. Loading • Basic loads are given in design codes (Eurocode, ACI, DIN, RakMK) • Dead load • Live load (1,5…10kN/m2) • Ceiling weight (~0,2…1kN/m2) • Dead load, live load and ceiling loads for are in horizontal structures mainly vertical loads • Installations (HVAC, motors, robot etc.) causes three dimensional loads • Three dimensional loads are usually handled separately in structural dimensioning • Some cases (depends on load type and structure) dynamic loading can be expressed: • static load x dynamic factor • displacements are limited • Complex dynamic problems are usually calculated by FEM

10. Fastening • Ceiling is fastened to load bearing structure (slab, beam, truss) • Fasteners and anchors should carry mainly vertical dead loads from ceiling and attached equipment (electric, HVAC) • There are numerous different fastener types • All fasteners and anchors which are strained dynamically, should be approved for such purpose • Actions causing fatique will decrease allowable stress level TIMBER HOLLOW CORE SLAB SCREW LOCKING PART FIXING DEVICE COLD FORMED STEEL PROFILE CONCRETE SLAB SCREW FIXING DEVICE NUT&BOLT ANCHOR BOLT, CHEMICAL ANCHOR

11. Vibration and sound insulation • Walking 1,6…2,2Hz • Natural frequences are divided in two classes: • Low frequency floor (f0<8Hz) • Heavy, long span • High frequency floor (f0>8Hz) • Light or mid-weight • Resonance should be avoided by tuning • Passive damping (fixing points) • Active damping (etc. robot equipped with sensors, regulators and actuators) • Structure-borne (impacts) and airborne sounds should be avoided • Impact sound level L´n,w<53dB (residential buildings in Finland) • Sound reduction index (airborne) R´w>55dB (residential buildings in Finland) • Robot fixing points and railing systems should be insulated from structure Free oscillation Free oscillation, damping steady-state steady-state Forced oscillation Forced oscillation, damping

12. Vibration sources and isolation

13. Risks • Overloading and wrong material choises could be fatal and may cause serious damages and even loss of life’s • Fastener type must be safe and inspected properly • All fastenings should be designed so that they are easy to check and maintain • Design boundaries should be clear; who is designing and what -> responsibilities Collapsed spa ceiling in Kuopio, Finland

14. Sources • RT 84-10916, Alakatot ja sisäkattoverhoukset • RT 83-10902, Välipohjarakenteita • Betoni Suomessa 1860-1960, Betoniyhdistys ry • Tutkintaselostus B 4/2003 Y, Kylpylän alakaton romahtaminen Kuopiossa 4.9.2003, Onnettomuustutkintakeskus • Terasrakenneyhdistys.fi//Esdep • wikipedia.org • SFS-EN 1991-1-1 • Fastening Technology Manual, Hilti Corporation, 2004 • Lattioiden värähtelysuunnittelu, VTT Rakennus- ja yhdyskuntatekniikka • KSU-3010 Mekaaniset värähtelyt, Luentomoniste, Machine Dynamics Lab, Tampere University of Technology • Teräsrunkoisten välipohjien värähtelyjen hallinta, VTT Rakennustekniikka