Periodization

1. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

2. Europe in the 6c

3. The Medieval Catholic Church • filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. • monasticism: • St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. • provided schools for the children of the upper class. • inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. • libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. • monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

4. The Power of the Medieval Church • bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. • the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. • tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. • curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition • tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. • Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

5. A Medieval Monk’s Day

6. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

7. Illuminated Manuscripts

8. Romanesque Architectural Style • Rounded Arches. • Barrel vaults. • Thick walls. • Darker, simplistic interiors. • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

9. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

10. Charlemagne’s Empire

11. Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

12. The Carolingian Renaissance

13. Carolingian Miniscule

14. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

15. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843

16. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

17. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

18. Parts of a Medieval Castle

19. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

20. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

21. The Medieval Manor

22. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

23. The "Renaissance" of the 12c

24. William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)

25. William of Normandy aka William the Bastard aka William the Conqueror crowned King in 1066 formed a new society that merged Norman and Anglo Saxon cultures. implemented a census improved the tax base of the country. England

26. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

27. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

28. Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • Runnymeade (or Runnymede) • “Great Charter” • monarchs were not above the law • kings had to consult a council of advisors • kings could not tax arbitrarily • writ of habeas corpus, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.

29. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

30. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

31. 987 – last Carolingian monarch died 987 to 1328 – House of Capet reigns 1180 – Phillip Augustus ascended to the throne and waged war against England for being in France. Phillip the Fair (1285-1314) class representatives were chosen to meet with the King Representatives became the Estates General. France

32. Gothic Architectural Style • Pointed arches. • High, narrow vaults. • Thinner walls. • Flying buttresses. • Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. • Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

33. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

34. Setting Out on Crusade

35. Christian Crusades: East and West

36. Medieval Universities

37. Oxford University

38. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

39. Medieval Trade

40. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall • Commercial Monopoly: • Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman  master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices

41. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

42. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

43. Peasant Life • Peasant life changed drastically from 1000-1500 AD. • The barter system was being phased out, and a new money oriented system arose • Many independent hamlets were deserted for newly formed cities and communities • Population was growing rapidly • Agricultural inventions aided in farming.

44. Waging war against Italy so they could join and become a vast empire Fredrick I was defeated in 1176. Fredrick II continued the fight against northern Italy with opposition from the Pope. The continuing problems in Italy made the HRE never have a strong central government like England or France. It was being run by German princes. Italy and Germany both did not unify until the 19th century Holy Roman Empire

45. In 1095, Pope Urban II called for the recapture of Holy lands( Jerusalem) from the Muslims. For 200 years following there were constant religious wars that fought over the rights to the Holy Lands Both the Muslims and the Christians lost huge amounts of followers, and many questioned the motives for the struggle. Crusades

46. In the 13th century the papacy saw the height of its power, but soon after the church lost much of its influence and respect. One reason for the decline of the popes power was the refusal of monarchies to recognize the church as the dominate figure in the state. After a Frenchmen was crowned Pope, he moved from Rome to Avignon, France, because he claimed that Rome was unsafe with all of the civil wars raging. This move severely declined the prestige of the Papacy. Decline of The Church

47. The controversy over where the Pope should live and who was actually the Pope hit a breaking point. The Italians voted in an Italian pope but the French bishops refused to see him as the Pope. So they elected a French Pope It went on until 1417, when a church council in Switzerland voted in a new Pope that was acceptable to both parties. The Great Schism

48. The first European University was founded in Bologna, Italy. Men form all around came to learn. Theology became the most important subject matter to educated men. The study of many scholastics such as Sir Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle were very popular. During the high middle ages society faced many setbacks such as: weather change, violent storms, never ending rain, and most devastating was the Black Death. Education and Society

49. First case of it was reported in 1347 Started in Italy and went all the way to Russia. One quarter of the population was killed in Europe. The rapid decline left land and animals uncared for The loss of manpower raised the prices for food and goods. This caused unrest with the oppressed peasants. The Black Death

50. The war actually last 116 years, but saw large periods of no fighting at all. In the 13th century the English still had one part of France, Gascony. Soon Phillip VI of France invaded Gascony. This gave England an excuse to attack all of France and claim the throne. The see-saw war suddenly came into French favor after victories in Aquitaine and Normandy in 1453. These wins caused the English to leave. France had now consolidated their land The Hundred Years’ War