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Constructions grammar/s

Constructions grammar/s. Catricalà 1.Definzione delle lingue come sistemi di simboli organizzati in grammatiche 2. Funzionamento: operazioni e grammatiche 3.Grammatiche delle costruzioni a cfr. 1.Grammatica delle costruzioni: Collegata alla teoria cognitivista (terza fase).

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Constructions grammar/s

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  1. Constructions grammar/s Catricalà 1.Definzione delle lingue come sistemi di simboli organizzati in grammatiche 2. Funzionamento: operazioni e grammatiche 3.Grammatiche delle costruzioni a cfr.

  2. 1.Grammatica delle costruzioni: Collegata alla teoria cognitivista (terza fase) • Le lingue sono sistemi di simboli (vs. segni indessicali e icone)>>> relazione fra Snte/Sto > categorizzazione >unità concettuali (Tassonomie, Partonomie; Frame vs Domini ) • Biologicamente basati > Meteyard : embodied; Kennerer-Eggleston Verbi /lobi frontali e parietali;vs Nomi/regione postero laterale; Gallant Laboratory ‘brain atlas’ corteccia selettiva ); • Cognitivamente motivati (Operazioni >>Attenzione –salienza -selezione; Giudizio/Confronto; Prospepttiva; Composizione /Gestalt; • Organizzati in grammatiche • Ricchi affettivamente • Condivisi socialmente

  3. 1.Categorie concetti e signficati • Categorie>Concettualizzare differenti esperienze simili • Ma le categorie fanno parte di unità concettuali più complesse >>>Prototipi (Bontà dell’esemplare)/Gradi di appartenenza: Frame e Domini) • Dominio >campo generale >combustione Motore della macchina / Motore della caldaia • Frame >cornice di conoscenze e di dati concreti Motore macchina: Implica Guidatore, strada, , segnaletica, volante, ruote, ecc.

  4. 2.Operazioni • Selezione e Attenzione: sfaccettature diverse: Parigi è una bella città/ Parigi ha votato Macron ; metonimia: leggo Manzoni >>implica ZONA ATTIVA e SLITTAMENTO: (essere al museo: diversi aspetti dello steso frame); Portata /aggiustamento scalare (alcuni veicoli vs Una macchina e una moto, ecc; Cornici diverse: il treno va da A a B/ Il treno sta andando a Roma); Scanning e fictive motion: Si nono sposati vs Il matrimonio era alle 12.

  5. 2. Operazioni Giudizio /Confronto Metafora : Source/Target • Prospettiva: Deissi Soggettività Andiamo a dormire; Oggettivo/Soggettivo; Direzionalità; Gestalt> Allineamento figura/sfondo (Talmy :F: - conosciuta; +piccolo; +mobile, +sempplice + recente>il passero è sulla cima dell’albero ; *Dormo mentre sogno; schematizzazioni strutturali;

  6. 1.Grammatica • Un vasto inventario di simboli, cioè coppie forme-signiticato che si configurano in costruzioni • L’oggetto della grammatica sono le costruzioni, in cui non sono distinguibili regole ed eccezioni, ma di delinea un continuum tra forme concrete e altamente schematiche • Nelle costruzioni non si ha una netta distinzione fra pragmatica e semantica • Vigono i principi di non sinonimia e motivazione massimalizzata (pants, shorts, jeans not plural, but a set of two parts)

  7. 1.Definizione e inventario A.Goldberg (1995) • C is a Construction if C is a Form-Meaning pair <F,S> such that some aspects of F or of S is not strictly predictable from C’s component parts or from other other previously established constructions.

  8. 1.Definizione Langacker (1987) • An array of symbolic structures linked by correspondences and categorizing relationshp ….and the pattern describing such s arrays and the network of variants linked by categorization relationshops and functions.

  9. 3. NETWORK SLOT MATRIX VP Lessico>>proeizione V agente esperiente VP Paziente Beneficiario locativo VP

  10. 2.Fillmore-Kay 1999: ess. di costruzioni cat <p> • max <+> • cat <p c at <n> • max – max + • Lxm for > Cat <n> • max <+> • cat <d> c at <n • Lxm <the > max <-> Preposition plus Complement Determiner plus nominal head

  11. 2.Fillmore : give • Cat <v> • Min <+> • Lex <give> • VALENZE • GrFu sogg. Ogg compl • Sem R agente paziente recipiente • Morfosint N N P

  12. 3.Collostructional Collocaion+constructions (Gries-Stefanovich 2004) • collexeme analysis, to measure the degree of attraction/repulsion of a lemma to a slot in one particular construction; • distinctive collexeme analysis, to measure the preference of a lemma to one particular construction over another, functionally similar construction;; • covariationcollexeme analysis, to measure the degree of attraction of lemmas in one slot of a construction to lemmas in another slot of the same construction It measures not the association of words to words, but of words to syntactic patterns or constructions

  13. 3.Grieshttp://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/stgries/teaching/groningen/index.html3.Grieshttp://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/stgries/teaching/groningen/index.html • <w aj0>horrendous < • <w nn0>statistics • <w aj0>horrible < • <w nn1>drink <w aj0>horrible • <w nn1>hour <w aj0>horrible • <w nn1>shape • <w aj0>horrible • <w nn2>hooligans <w aj0>horrible <w nn2>things • <w aj0>horrifying <w nn2>words <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>letter <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>sin <w aj0>horrible <w nn2>police <w aj0>horrendous <w nn1>time <w aj0>horrible <w nn1-aj0>male <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>feeling <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>accident <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>feeling <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>hydrogen <w aj0>horrible <w nn1-aj0>chemical <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>thought <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>stuff <w aj0>horrible <w np0>rutter <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>job <w aj0>horrible <w nn2>charges <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>feeling <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>feeling <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>taste <w aj0>horrendous <w nn2>crimes <w aj0>horrible <w nn0>cod <w aj0>horrific <w nn2>videos <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>feeling <w aj0>horrid <w nn2>experiences <w aj0>horrifying <w nn1>experience <w aj0>horrifying <w nn1>experience <w aj0>horrifying <w nn1>experience <w aj0>horrible <w np0>geoff <w aj0>horrific <w nn1>situation <w aj0>horrible <w nn2>days <w aj0>horrifying <w nn1>initiation <w aj0>horrible <w nn2>gashes <w aj0>horrifying <w nn1>dream <w aj0>horrifying <w nn1>movie <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>thing <w aj0>horrid <w nn1>sort <w aj0>horrendous <w nn1>side <w aj0>horrendous <w nn2>hallucinations <w aj0>horrendous <w nn1>anxiety <w aj0>horrendous <w nn1>scene <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>memory <w aj0>horrendous <w nn2>insults <w aj0>horrific <w nn2>things <w aj0>horrible <w np0>george <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>feeling <w aj0>horrendous <w nn1>problem <w aj0>horrendous <w nn2>sights <w aj0>horrendous <w nn2>tales <w aj0>horrible <w nn1>thought <w aj0>horrendous <w nn1>job

  14. 3.Goldberg • What did Mina buy Mel ? Implica • C Ditransitiva • Inversione per domanda • Mancanza soggetto a testa della frase • Costruzione VP • Costruzione N • Mina, buy , what l>>>costruzioni lessico

  15. 3.Kay – Fillmore THE What's X doing Y? CONSTRUCTIONS • What have you done? • Never will I leave you. • Am I tired! • .... as were the others • Thus did the hen reward Beecher. • by and large • [to] have a field day • [to] have to hand it to [someone] • To kick the bucket • What ‘s your father doing in the garden? • Diner: Waiter, what's this fly doing in my soup? • Waiter: Madam, I believe that's the backstroke.

  16. 3.CG notation>>wxdy sentences(A. Goldberg) Diner: Waiter, what's this fly doing in my soup? Waiter: Madam, I believe that's the backstroke. • We will argue that, as a part of the grammar of English, the What's X doing Y? construction, like the How come question construction, directly encodes, in addition to a request or demand for an explanation, the pragmatic force of attributing what we call incongruity to the scene or proposition for which the explanation is required.

  17. 3.Setting constructions WXDY role filler loc + role head lex + Cat V Sem I args ( 1 J' L args (I) Judgment Incongruity val {[sem {p ])])

  18. General Framework of models (Hilpert 2014) • Symbols • Cognitive renstraints • Embodied • Grammatical structures • Social Shared • Emotional markers • Contiguity Lexicon Grammar Syntax • No Synonimy • Usage based model • Inheritance • Affordance

  19. Alcune differenze • Goldberg> Inventory • Lakoff> Image Schema • Langacker>Profiling • Croft > radical model >Typological constructions • Gries-Stefanovich: Collostructions

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