9B-2 nd Slide show

1. 9B-2nd Slide show

2. SSUSH 24: The Impact of Social Change Movements and organizations of the 1960’s

3. EQ: • What Procedures where used to draw attention to Social Injustice in America? • Explain how effective were the organizations on changing the social movement in America?

4. a. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC] On February 1, 1960, a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC (pronounced "snick"), was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh two months later to coordinate these sit-ins, support their leaders, and publicize their activities

5. African-American college students founded the organization and actively engaged in non-violent protest to demand their civil rights.

6. Southern Christian Leadership Conference [SCLC] • The very beginnings of the SCLC can be traced back to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott began on December 5, 1955 after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus. The boycott lasted for 381 days and ended on December 21, 1956, with the desegregation of the Montgomery bus system. The boycott was carried out by the newly established Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Martin Luther King, Jr. served as President and Ralph David Abernathy served as Program Director. It was one of history’s most dramatic and massive nonviolent protests, stunning the nation and the world. The boycott was also a signal to Black America to begin a new phase of the long struggle, a phase that came to be known as the modern civil rights movement. As bus boycotts spread across the South, leaders of the MIA and other protest groups met in Atlanta on January 10 – 11, 1957, to form a regional organization and coordinate protest activities across the South. Despite a bombing of the home and church of Ralph David Abernathy during the Atlanta meeting, 60 persons from 10 states assembled and announced the founding of the Southern Leadership Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration. They issued a document declaring that civil rights are essential to democracy, that segregation must end, and that all Black people should reject segregation absolutely and nonviolently

7. Born from the Montgomery Bus Boycott sought to unite leaders from the black community (ministers) to fight for civil rights

8. Early on the SCLC relied on voter registration and education within the black community as its major method for pursuing civil rights through the legal system it was after the Albany Movement that the SCLC appreciated the value of mass demostrations and public protest.

9. Young African Americans tended to be more radical and wanted to take more confrontational approach to civil rights.

10. The sought to directly challenge discrimination rather than patiently waiting on court decisions and the political process.

11. “Black Power”: There was acceptance and criticism of this term • A Philosophy that blacks should take great pride in their African heritage and be willing to use violence, if necessary, to attain and protect their civil rights.

12. Tactics Used By the Organizations: • Sit-ins:

13. A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for a protest,

15. Freedom Riders • Freedom Rides • During the spring of 1961, student activists launched the Freedom Rides to challenge segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals. Riding from Washington, D.C. to Montgomery, Alabama, the rides met violent opposition in the Deep South, garnering extensive media attention and eventually forcing federal intervention from the Kennedy administration.

16. Although eventually successful in securing an Interstate Commerce Commission ban on segregation in all facilities under their jurisdiction, the Freedom Rides aggravated tensions between student activists and Martin Luther King, Jr., who publicly supported the riders, but did not participate and privately questioned undertaking such a physically dangerous campaign

18. b. National Organization of Women[NOW] • The National Organization for Women is the largest organization of feminist activists in the United States. NOW has more than 500,000 contributing members and more than 500 local and campus affiliates in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Since our founding in 1966, NOW's goal has been "to take action" to bring about equality for all women

19. “Women’s Lib” Movement

20. Feminists: • Rejected traditional gender roles and advocated equality between men and women… not all women agreed with the movement.

21. Modern movement: • Address discrimination, negative stereotypes, child care and medial issues for women.

22. c. Anti-War Movement

23. Unpopular Draft • Lack of clear rationale for engagement • Footage of gruesome war images ~The Protest were a mixture of violence and non-violence

24. Protesting///crossing the line? • Kent State University…the National Guard Killed four Students

25. Kent State University was placed in an international spotlight after a tragic end to a student demonstration against the Vietnam War and the National Guard on May 4, 1970. Shortly after noon on that Monday, 13 seconds of gun fire by a contingent of 28 Ohio National Guardsmen left four students dead, one permanently paralyzed, and eight others wounded

26. Kent State Shootings (1970): During the 1968 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate Richard Nixon ran with a platform that promised "peace with honor" for the Vietnam War. Longing for an honorable end to the war, Americans voted Nixon into office and then watched and waited for Nixon to fulfill his campaign promise. • Until the end of April 1970, Nixon seemed to be doing just that. However, on April 30, 1970, President Nixon announced during a televised speech to the nation that American forces had invaded Cambodia. • Although Nixon stated in his speech that the invasion was a defensive response to the aggression of North Vietnamese into Cambodia and that this action was meant to quicken the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam, many Americans saw this new invasion as an expansion or lengthening of the Vietnam War. • In response to Nixon's announcement of a new invasion, students across the United States began to protest. • Protests by students at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio began on May 1, 1970. At noon, students held a protest rally on campus and later that night rioters built a bonfire and threw beer bottles at police off campus. The mayor declared a state of emergency and asked the governor for help. The governor sent in the Ohio National Guard.

27. On May 2, 1970, during a protest near the ROTC building on campus, someone set fire to the abandoned building. The National Guard entered the campus and used tear gas to control the crowd. • During the evening of May 3, 1970, another protest rally was held on campus which was again dispersed by the National Guard. • All of these protests led up to the deadly interaction between Kent State students and the National Guard on May 4, 1970 which is known as the Kent State Shootings or the Kent State Massacre. • On May 4, 1970, another student rally was scheduled for noon at the Commons on the Kent State University campus. Before the rally began, the National Guard ordered those congregated to disperse. Since the students refused to leave, the National Guard attempted to use tear gas on the crowd. • Because of the shifting wind, the tear gas was ineffective at moving the crowd of students. The National Guard then advanced upon the crowd, with bayonets attached to their rifles. This scattered the crowd. After dispersing the crowd, the National Guardsmen stood around for about ten minutes and then turned around and began to retrace their steps. • For an unknown reason, during their retreat, nearly a dozen National Guardsmen suddenly turned around and began firing at the still scattered students. In 13 seconds, 67 bullets were fired. Some claim that there was a verbal order to fire. Four students were killed and nine others were wounded. Some of the students who were shot were not even part of the rally, but were just walking to their next class

28. Jackson State, Miss.

29. video

30. A group of around a hundred African-American students had gathered on Lynch[] Street (which at the time bisected the campus) on the evening of Thursday, May 14. By around 9:30 p.m. the students had started fires and overturned vehicles, including a large truck. Firefighters dispatched to the scene quickly requested police support. • The police responded in force. At least 75 Jackson Police units from the city of Jackson and the Mississippi Highway Patrol[2] attempted to control the crowd while the firemen extinguished the fires. After the firefighters had left the scene, shortly before midnight, the police moved to disperse the crowd now gathered in front of Alexander Hall, a women's on-campus dormitory.

31. Advancing to within 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) of the crowd, at roughly 12:05 a.m., officers opened fire on the dormitory.[3] The exact cause of the shooting and the moments leading up to it are unclear. Authorities claim they saw a sniper on one of the building's upper floors, and were also being sniped in all directions, though only two city policemen and one state patrolman reported minor injuries from flying glass[4] and an FBI search for evidence of sniper fire was negative.[5] The students say that the officers were not provoked by them. The gunfire lasted for 30 seconds and at least 140 shots were fired by a reported 40 state highway patrolmen using shotguns from 30 to 50 feet. Every window on the narrow side of the building facing Lynch Street was blown out.[4] • The crowd scattered and a number of people were trampled or cut by falling glass. Phillip Lafayette Gibbs, 21, a junior, and James Earl Green, 17, a senior and miler[4] at nearby Jim Hill High School, were killed and twelve others were wounded. Gibbs was killed near Alexander Hall by buckshot, while Green was killed behind the police line in front of B. F. Roberts Hall, also with a shotgun

32. Sterling Hall on the University of Wisconsin-Madison Campus

33. d. Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers

34. Relied on Non-Violent Protest and boycotts to further his cause which was improved working conditions for American’s Migrant workers. His guidence led to higher wages for migrant workers.

35. e. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring • Created Public awareness of the effects of DDT on reproduction of Birds. The book impacted the environmental movement and government agencies.

36. Environmental Movement • Concerned with preserving the Earths Resources and species of life.

37. Earth Day: April 22, 1970 • Celebrated by planting trees, cleaning the environment

38. Environmental Protection Agency • EPA a federal agency created for the purpose of enforcing laws aimed at maintaining a safe and clean environment.

39. Modern Movement’s • AL Gore and Global Warming!

40. f. Conservative Movement • Barry Gold Water

41. Provided a very conservative agenda successfully used by later politician such as Richard Nixon!

42. 1968 Richard Nixon Was elected • A sign of the Conservative Movement people wanting to restore law and order into society, “Silent Majority”

43. SSUSH25: Describe Changes in National Politics Since 1968

44. a. President Nixon

45. Opening of China

46. Watergate Scandal

47. Con’t: • In 1973, as Nixon entered his second term in office, the Senate began investigating Nixon’s involvement in a break-in that had occurred at the Democratic national Committee Headquarters, in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. Nixon refused to release Whitehouse tapes of conversations he had concerning Watergate to the special prosecutor investigating the scandal…instead he had the special prosecutor fired.

48. Reason’s for Resigning: • Nixon’s refused to cooperate with investigating the Water Gate Scandal.

49. Presidency of Gerald Ford

50. Gerald Ford President • He was appointed by Nixon • Not elected by the People • Faced a great deal of public disapproval